Human Immune System free essay sample

None of these things are able to get in when your immune system is working, but the moment your immune system stops the door is wide open. Once you die it only takes a few weeks for these organisms to completely dismantle your body and carry it away, until all thats left is a skeleton. The human immune system is made up of a number of interdependent cell types which collectively protect the persons body from various parasitic, fungal, bacterial and viral infections, as well as from the growth of tumor cells. | A number of these cell types have specialized functions, are able to kill parasites, engulf bacteria, or kill tumor cells or viral-infected cells. Frequently, these cells are dependent upon the, T, helper subset for activation signals in the form of secretions which are more formally referred to as, Lymphokines, Cytokines, or specifically as, Interleukins. An understanding of the T helper subset may assist in comprehension of the root of immune deficiencies, as well as perception of the potential avenues that the human immune system can be modulated in the case of particular diseases. We will write a custom essay sample on Human Immune System or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Immune Response The presence of an APC, combined with a T cell or B cell, is required in order for there to be an immune response to a foreign antigen. Should an APC present an antigen on its cell surface to a B cell, for example, the B cell is signaled to proliferate and produce antibodies. The antibodies then specifically bind to that antigen. If the antibodies bind to antigens on parasites or bacteria, it acts as a signal for macrophages or PMNs to engulf and kill them. One addition and important function of antibodies is to start something referred to as a, Complement Destruction Cascade. When antibodies bind to bacteria or cells, serum proteins referred to as, Complement, first bind to immobilized antibodies, and then destroy the bacteria through creating holes in the bacteria. Antibodies may also signal macrophages and natural killer cells to kill bacterial infected cells or viral cells. Aids The fight between the virus and the immune system for supremacy is continuous. Our b ody responds to this onslaught through production of more T-cells, some of which mature to become helper T-cells. The virus eventually infects these targets and eliminates them, too. More T-cells are produced; these too become infected, and are killed by the virus. This fight may continue for up to ten years before the body eventually succumbs, apparently because of the inability to any-longer produce T-cells. This loss of helper T-cells finally results in the complete inability of our body to ward-off even the weakest of organisms (all kinds of bacteria and viruses other than HIV) which are normally not ever a problem to us. This acquired condition of immunodeficiency is called, AIDS.

Colonial Ideologies of American Society essays

Colonial Ideologies of American Society essays One of the central and most enduing foundational ideologies in American culture is that of freedom, democracy and equality. The ideal and ideology of freedom from oppression and coercion began with the very founding of America in the fight for freedom from the colonial and territorial domination of the British. This historical experience has been a driving force within the American experience for the very beginning. However, the history of American ideology, like any nation and culture, is complex and often reveals opposing views and ideologies that are in conflict with one another. There is also a more conservative life-view and ideology that is part of the American cultural fabric. This ideological strand is essentially opposed to change and rejects diversity and the freedom and equality of all. This life-view is evident in the racist part of American history and in the history of the fight for civil rights and gender as well as class equality. Therefore American culture is characterized by two main and often contradictory ideologies that interact in a complex way and which have resulted in the intricate and intertwined historical experience of America. Many critics and commentators are of the opinion that the most pervasive ideology that has most characterized the American view of life is the idea that the country is a melting pot of peoples and cultures, which emphasizes the individuals right to freedom and equality under the law. This view relates to the early history of the country and the fact that much of the of the ethnic and cultural diversity of the country was as a result of immigration. As the main character in Israel Zangwill's 1908 play, The Melting-Pot says, America is God's Crucible, where all the races of Europe are melting and reforming....Germans, Frenchmen, Irishmen and Englishmen, Jews and Russiansinto the Crucible with you all! God is making the American." ( Grestle G.) Thes...

Improving Patient Satisfaction through Noise Reduction Activities Essay

Improving Patient Satisfaction through Noise Reduction Activities - Essay Example It increases stress levels, heart rate and risk of cardiac problems, disrupts sleep, produces confusion, affects cognitive function, alters hormone levels, and reduces the confidence of patients on their caregivers (Call, 2007). Shelton (2000) also points out that environmental noise and its possible effects on healing and the rate of recovery of hospitalized patients is a special concern to nurses. At the same time, it has been found that healthcare givers functioning in a noisy environment are vulnerable to irritability, depression, exhaustion and burnout. The purpose of the program or project Improvement of Patient Satisfaction through Noise Reduction Activities is a quality improvement initiative. The purpose of this project is to enhance patient-satisfaction scores by 20% within a period of six months. To achieve this, the project aims at evaluating the impacts of the most common sources of excessive noise within the hospital environment and developing a long-term solution to the problem. The major sources of excessive noise that have been identified in the hospital environment include nursing activities during the day, evening and night and, talking and laughing by visitors, employees, other patients and occasionally, construction.

Financial Managment IP 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Financial Managment IP 1 - Essay Example The New York Stock Exchange houses many of the largest companies in the United States and trades around 1.5 billion shares each day across the United States and Europe. The companies listed on the stock exchange represent over seventy-five percent of the market share in the nation. Most of the trading is done on the floor of the exchange where specialists and floor traders provide related services. Specialists  are the workers who have the responsibility of matching interested buyers to sellers. Every specialist is responsible for certain shares. These specialists make sure that trading of the stocks and shares they are responsible for occurs in a fair, orderly, competitive, and efficient market. This ensures that all customers will have an equal and fair opportunity to buy shares while the seller receives the best possible price according to the market conditions present at that time. They also work to prevent any large and unjust fluctuations in the prices of the shares between c onsecutive sales. The floor traders are the people present on the floor of the stock exchange waving their hands and making gestures to make trades. These are the members of the NYSE who trade for their own account, however they can serve as floor brokers for buyers and sell their services. Lastly the NYSE uses a SuperDOT system through which the specialists handle orders from brokers that are not on the floor. The system enables brokers to send messages through a common message switch to the proper specialist’s trading-floor workplace. These specialists then handle the buying and selling of the selected shares and as they become available they send an acceptance using the same switch to the originating brokerage firms. The National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations uses three separate processes for the buying and selling of shares. These include the interface, the matching engine and the quote services. The interface electronically connects the buyers an d sellers as they enter their trades with the brokers. These trades then come into the NASDAQ system through hundreds of computers. The quote services provides up-to-date minute price quotes through its computers. Brokers then use these quotes for the people they deal with. Lastly the matching engine connects the buyers and sellers when the prices they offer match. Once this is done information is sent to the brokers of the buyer and seller who then complete the transaction. This information can also be seen through the quote services facility by any person interested in the transaction. The process is not as simple as it seems because numerous transactions take place simultaneously, therefore thousands of computers and brokers are needed to complete every transaction. Both the New York Stock Exchange and the National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations sell shares of the companies listed on their exchanges. These organizations use brokers which help in connecting buyers and sellers. There is increase in the use of machines as both organizations have a highly developed computer system which speeds up the trading process and aids the buyer and seller to negotiate. However as the name suggests NASDAQ is run mainly by machines where the interface connects the customers with each other and the matching engine finds suitable trades. On the other hand NYSE is still labour-oriented

Critical care orientation and the importance of developing clinical Research Proposal

Critical care orientation and the importance of developing clinical reasoning - Research Proposal Example It is important not to distill the critical thought process as it pertains to clinical endeavors with simple, smart sounding labels, like wisdom or 'know-how'. II. DEFINITION OF CLINICAL REASONING Clinical reasoning must be more than a simple application of theory, because patients are individuals – and the therapist/nurse must adapt a treatment plan towards the individual, personal needs of each patient. Clinical reasoning under the perspective of certain researchers becomes a largely tacit phenomenon (Matingly, 1991). Our understanding of critical thinking as it pertains to the clinical setting has matured over the course of the decades. There are several key items for critical thinking for the professional to consider. The American Philosophical Association (APA) has defined critical thinking as: '...purposeful, self-regulatory judgment that uses cognitive tools such as interpretation, analysis, evaluation, inference, and explanation of the evidential, conceptual, methodolo gical, criteriological, or contextual considerations on which judgment is based' (APA, 1990). But there are other professional bodies that have also required a critical thinking mandate be added to curriculum, in many fields – not just nursing. ... 1995). In the dimension of nursing and clinical responsibility, critical thinking is the foundation of quality care, as well as professional standards of accountability. The professional must consciously cultivate the characteristics of efficient clinical mindset. This includes the ability to place events within the proper overall context, self-confidence in the nurse's ability to perform the necessary job functions, as well as a certain flexibility. The nurse must also cultivate creativity when time, resources, or both are limited, as well as a certain intellectual curiosity, leading to a state of mind that is always willing to learn more and adapt novel technologies and clinical modalities when and where they will prove effective in the practice of the individual medical professional. This dovetails with the ability for critical reflection on one's self, and on one's job performance. The nurse must be analytical in regards to new information, and the requirements with a willingness to seek out and verify potentially useful discoveries; vetting innovations for their clinical utility, as well as, ultimately, a long-suffering perseverance against adversity. More recently a comprehensive definition was also provided by the National League for Nursing Accreditation Commission: The deliberate nonlinear process of collecting, interpreting, analyzing, drawing conclusions about, presenting, and evaluating information that is both factually and belief based. This is demonstrated in nursing by clinical judgment, which includes ethical, diagnostic, and therapeutic dimensions and research (NLNAC, 2007, p. 8). How then are we able to determine what thinking processes meet the critical thinking standard

Paradigm And Paradigm Shifts

Paradigm And Paradigm Shifts The word paradigm first appeared in English in the 15th century. It comes from Greek, meaning an example or pattern, and it still holds this meaning today. For nearly 400 years it has also been applied in varieties of grammatical properties including verbs, nouns, and other parts of speech of a language. In linguistics, Ferdinand de Saussure used it to refer to a class of elements with similarities. According to 1900 Merriam-Webster dictionary it is defined as a philosophical and theoretical framework of a scientific school or discipline within which theories, laws, and generalizations and the experiments performed in support of them are formulated; broadly: a philosophical or theoretical framework of any kind. From the 1960s onward, the word has been used in science to refer to a theoretical framework, as when Nobel Laureate David Baltimore cited the work of two colleagues that really established a new paradigm for the causation of cancer. Thereafter, researchers in many different fields tried to explore this concept. WHAT IS A PARADIGM? The historian of science, Thomas Kuhn was the first to use the term for science, and referred to the set of practices that define a scientific discipline at certain point in time. He meant something like a framework, a dominant way of thinking and doing things, shared expectations and rules. Further he termed something as disciplinary matrix. He also suggested that paradigms are discrete (separate) and culturally based. For example, a Chinese medical researcher, with an in-depth knowledge of eastern medicine, will live in a different paradigm than a purely western researcher. Alternatively, the Oxford English Dictionary defines paradigm as a pattern or model, an exemple. Thus an additional component of Kuhns definition of paradigm is that how is an experiment to be carried, and what equipment is available to carry the experiment. SCIENTIFIC PARADIGM A scientific paradigm, in the most basic sense of the word, is a framework containing all of the commonly accepted views about a subject, a structure of what direction research should take and how it should be performed (Shuttleworth, 2008). In 1962, Thomas Kuhn, in his book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions defined scientific paradigm as what is to be discovered and inspected, the type of questions that are supposed to be asked and examined for answers in relation to this subject, how these questions are to be organized and how the results of scientific investigations should be analysed. WHAT IS A PARADIGMS ROLE? The philosopher, Thomas Kuhn suggested that scientific research does not progress towards truths, but is subject to belief and remaining emotionally attached to old theories. He gave four basic ways in which a paradigm indirectly influences the scientific process as mentioned above. A paradigm includes what is studied and researched, the kind of questions that are asked, the structure and nature of the questions and how the results of any research are interpreted. Kuhn believed that science required periods of patiently gathering data, in a paradigm, and then revolution occurred as the paradigm turn to maturity. A paradigm can include some errors but they eventually become impossible, like Ptolemys epicycles, and result in a paradigm shift. The new paradigm is not necessarily better than the old one but it is just different. For example, most psychologists weep at the mention of the Freudian paradigm. WHAT IS A PARADIGM SHIFT? Paradigm shifts are mostly used in sciences that appear to be stable and mature, at the end of the 19th century. A paradigm shift (or revolutionary science) is the term used but not named by Thomas Kuhn in his book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions in 1962. Paradigm shift is a successive transition from one paradigm to another via revolution is the usual developmental pattern of mature science. Paradigm shift questions the paradigm itself. It is a change from one way of thinking to another. Its a revolution, a transformation. . It just does not happen, but rather it is driven by agents of change. It is when the model for a process or application or method changes significantly, typically because there has been a leap. Kuhn believes that a paradigm would make an unexpected leap from one to the next, called a shift, and the new paradigm could not be built upon the foundations of the old. The indirect meaning is that one has stepped off the road that the prior paradigm followed onto an intersecting and better road. The term paradigm shift has found uses in other contexts, representing the notion of a major change in a certain thought-pattern; a radical change in personal beliefs, complex systems or organizations, replacing the previous way of thinking or organizing with a radically different way of thinking or organizing. The Paradigm is closely related to the Platonic and Aristotelian views of knowledge. Aristotle believed that knowledge could only be based upon what is already known, the basis of the scientific method. Plato believed that knowledge should be judged by what something could become, the end result, or final purpose. Platos philosophy is more like the intuitive leaps that cause scientific revolution; Aristotles the patient gathering of data. For example, in physics Newtons Laws were an example of a paradigm, and scientists worked upon his principles for centuries. The discovery of the internal structure of the atom started to find problems in the theory, and Einstein provided the out of the box thinking that drew the paradigm in another direction. ELEMENTS OF PARADIGM SHIFT A successful paradigm shift requires four main elements. First is pressure for change, second is a clear shared vision, then capacity for change and actionable first step (Kurkela, 2009). If any of these elements is missing the result would be failure of paradigm. Paradigms affect that what kind of learning resources are required and these learning resources further influence what kind of paradigms can be used or developed. THE ROLE OF PARADIGM SHIFT Paradigm shifting can start with your trying-on of different existing paradigms. For example, a person has the attitude of being an actor taking on a new role for a season on the stage, or for the duration of a movie. He or she goes into it, knowing that it is for a limited time, and that they will emerge from it the other side. During the play or filming period he/she will adopt that character as it is real. Then again actor will put it down again afterwards. However, while in the play or during filming, the actor tries to become that character, and fulfill the requirement of the role to make it natural. EXAMPLES OF PARADIGM SHIFTS IN THE NATURAL SCIENCES The transition in cosmology from a Ptolemaic cosmology to a Copernican one. The transition in optics from geometrical optics to physical optics. The transition in mechanics from Aristotelian mechanics to classical mechanics. The acceptance of Charles Darwins theory of natural selection replaced Lamarckism as the mechanism for evolution. EXAMPLES OF PARADIGM SHIFTS IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES The movement, known as the Cognitive revolution, away from Behaviourist approaches to psychological study and the acceptance of cognition as central to studying human behaviour. The Keynesian Revolution is typically viewed as a major shift in macroeconomics.

schindlers list Essay -- essays research papers

Schindlers List is a movie that takes place during WWII. The movie begins in Krakow, Poland just after the collapse of the Polish army, and at the beginning of the German occupation. Oskar Schindler, a tall handsome womanizer arrives in the city looking to open a factory in order to gain profits from the war. At the time, Jewish people were no long permitted to own a business, so Oskar obtains a factory from a Jewish man named Itzhak Stern, and makes Stern his accountant and manager. The two men form a strange relationship, with Oskar taking advantage of Sterns talent, and Stern distrustingly but obediently following Schindlers orders. Schindler goes to the Jewish ghetto to get the rich Jewish people to invest into his factory, and to get the poor Jews to work for him, since they can provide him with cheap labor. By way of the black market, Schindler obtains numerous delicacies such as liquor and hcocolate for the SS and German officers and sends them gift baskets to get on their go od side. Schindler spent his days entertaining the Nazis, and spending time with his numerous women, while leaving the work of running the factory to Itzhak because in Schindlers mind, he was very capable.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When Schindler met with Stern, he would tell him stories of how the Jews were being treated. Initially, Schindler took these stories as nothing, however as time went on, Schindler began to feel increasingly more impacted about how the Jews were being treated. He w...