White Angel By Michael Cunningham an Example of the Topic Literature Essays by

White Angel By Michael Cunningham Michael Cunningham was known for his eagerness in introducing the facts behind human real factors in his composed manifestations. He has been known as a multi-granted essayist who for such huge numbers of ways, in the midst of the way that he is a gay, have contacted the hearts of his perusers concerning how they basically see the genuine impacts of human connections inside the character advancements of the people in the general public. Their passionate view of the various circumstances in the human condition has really made an explained introduction of the various characters of the accounts that he has composed. Need exposition test on White Angel By Michael Cunningham theme? We will compose a custom exposition test explicitly for you Continue His account of the White Angel delineates the way that there are those individuals who see more than what the genuine circumstances see of a specific human person. It could be noticed that this story is without a doubt a contacting situation of a more youthful youngster who can see past what is really observed from his sibling. The enthusiastic introductions thus were made solid through the way that there are distinctive allegorical characterizations utilized by the creator to consistently extend the impacts of the situations that should picture the feelings of the characters. Students Usually Tell EssayLab specialists:How much do I need to pay somebody to compose my exposition online?Professional scholars suggest:Top Rated Essay Writing Service Hire Writers For Blogs Cheap Essay Help University Essay Writing Service This specific perusing have gotten an honor for the sake of Cunningham as one of the most read and best composed short stories in the American areas writing assortments. Cunningham has really had the option to send the best thoughts he had with respects fellowship and love between blood-family members that outperforms such an inabilities with respect to the characters of the characters that he has utilized in the story. The tale of Cunningham really discusses a more youthful youngster revering his more seasoned sibling who for some point isn't that excellent at all to others in their locale. For what reason is this so? This is principally a direct result of the way that his sibling is known for his compulsion in medications and alcohol just as for the way that he adores awesome music, which was before known as a kind of music cherished by the insubordinate ages. Continually observing this reality about his sibling anyway didn't change his perspective on his sibling anytime. It could be noticed that through the advancement of the story, the more youthful kid kept on looking for something great in his sibling. The confidence that he has upon the more established kid really helped him in observing what is past what the others find in his sibling. Through the said introduction, Cunningham had the option to distinguish the thicker kind of the impact of blood-relativity contrasted with that of the responses that the world may really infer on a few people in the general public. The individuals who are identified with the said characters, regardless of whether they are seen by the world as vermin, it could be seen that families stay as the solid mass of help for the defenseless and miserable individuals in the general public today. Comprehension and Analyzing the Story Cunningham has just made an unclear notoriety in the realm of American writing. It could be noticed that through this specific short story, he had the option to alleviate that specific notoriety that he has been helping during that time of his composing calling. The allegorical introductions that he has utilized in the consummation of this specific story has been noted as one of the most affecting introduction that he has adjusted to fortify the passionate experiences in the story. The usage of the various components of nature to especially speak to the extended enthusiastic effect of the various situations among the characters situational situating through the culmination of the whole story. Close by the use of the ecological components, for example, the climate and the tranquility of the night, he was additionally ready to use the various things that existed inside nature of the characters to have the option to enable the perusers to picture in a much distinctive appearance, what t he characters really feel about their various experiences in the story. The title was in fact appropriate for the story as it delineates the hypothesis that a small kid as that of the one venerating his sibling in the midst of all the character abandons that he has as observed by the general public fills in as the reflection of the genuine great bits of knowledge of the other individual. Since a small kid accepts on the undoubted confidence that an individual really has a decent side, the title of this short story is without a doubt speaking to most perusers. This is genuine especially to those perusers who are from various perspectives ready to finish up at the principal look of the title that the story would be about unwavering guiltlessness that will be introduced through one of the characters in a specific composed work. After perusing this material, it could be noticed that there are various issues that has been introduced that really influences the family setting that is especially present in the general public today. It could be noticed that this story presents a genuine cheerful case that there may even now be something acceptable inside the character of those individuals who are especially influenced by the distinctive common impacts of the general public today. As the creator himself noted in the introduction of the story: life is distinctive according to the youthful and honest ones, they generally observe the great past the terrible (Cunningahm, 25). The honesty of kids has been utilized in this story as one of the essential reasons why the world despite everything seeks after change among individuals who are clearly wronged by the general public in light of their trademark and due to their works. The passionate effect of the story among the perusers positively reinforces the however that individuals who have been coordinated to an inappropriate way of living still forces an opportunity of changing their ways for those individuals who accept that they can without a doubt despite everything change for good. End Composing and the gathered written works of the world positively have various impacts among individuals inside the current society. Consistent consideration given to the focal point of their subjects and the effect of the gave stories the lives of the individuals in the current society will enable perusers to comprehend what the messages of the accounts really need to pass on. This is especially why the various works of Cunningham got various acknowledgments around the globe. His compositions and the methodology that he utilizes in introducing his accounts makes a notoriety for his to take solid remain on the things that he has confidence in and subsequently influence the human culture legitimately. As it could be noted through this examination, his story on the White Angel really influenced the perspectives on individuals with respect to how others ought to be seen in the midst of all the character abandons that they may have acquired throughout everyday life. References: Cunningham, Michael. (1989). Bookclub in a case. Bookclub-In-A-Box; second release.

Mandatory Written Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Compulsory Written Assignment - Essay Example It was a direct result of this explanation that Ku Klux Klan was shaped as a supremacist fear based oppressor association and its primary point was to drive dark individuals out of governmental issues. This gathering reappeared in 1960s and battled against the Civil Rights Movements in the South. Ku Klux Klan follows its underlying foundations in 1866 when a gathering of six warriors who had taken part in the confederation war met up and shaped a social club. They used to call themselves â€Å"kuklos† which is a name acquired from their Greek school. Later on they changed the name to become Ku Klux Klan. The individuals from this gathering built up a propensity for strolling in the night camouflaged in veils and robes. It didn't take some time before they changed themselves into a political development and began controlling previous dark slaves that had quite recently been liberated after the common war. The individuals from this gathering didn't need anything to do with dark thus did everything to guarantee that the dark network doesn't increase steady employments or political opportunity. For instance, in 1869 this gathering threatened dark voters and opposed the Republican governments in the South. This gathering turned out to be exceptionally incredible as it had i ndividuals from the White people group who were profoundly respected1. Exercises of KKK appeared to be upheld by a portion of the court administering of the Supreme Court. Republicans government did everything they might do to pass laws to prevent this associations from going on with their exercises. Lamentably, Supreme Court made a decision in 1883 preventing the Congress from attempting to make racial separation a criminal behavior. The decision said that the Congress came up short on the position to finish or illegalize discriminative exercises done by people or associations. This decision disheartened the national government from continuing with its endeavors of shielding the individuals from the dark network. When all is said in done, the Klan people group was profoundly regarded and celebrated by the whites who saw

Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote Study Guide

Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote Study Guide Composed by trial creator Jorge Luis Borges, Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote doesn't follow the configuration of a customary short story. While a standard twentieth century short story depicts a contention that constructs consistently towards an emergency, peak, and goals, Borgess story mimics (and frequently spoofs) a scholastic or academic article. The title character of Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote is a writer and abstract pundit from France-and is likewise, not normal for a progressively conventional title character, dead when the story starts. The storyteller of Borgess content is one of Menards companions and admirers. To some extent, this storyteller is moved to compose his tribute in light of the fact that deceptive records of the recently expired Menard have started to circle: Already Error is endeavoring to discolor his brilliant Memory†¦ Most emphatically, a concise correction is basic (88). Borgess storyteller starts his amendment by posting the entirety of the obvious lifework of Pierre Menard, in legitimate sequential request (90). The twenty or so things on the storytellers list incorporate interpretations, assortments of works, papers on unpredictable abstract themes, lastly a transcribed rundown of lines of verse that owe their greatness to accentuation (89-90). This diagram of Menards profession is the prelude to a conversation of Menards single most creative bit of composing. Menard left behind an incomplete perfect work of art which comprises of the ninth and thirty-eighth sections of Part I of Don Quixote and a piece of Chapter XXII (90). With this task, Menard didnt expect to simply interpret or duplicate Don Quixote, and he didnt endeavor to create a twentieth century refreshing of this seventeenth century comic novel. Rather, Menards excellent desire was to deliver various pages which agreed in exactly the same words and line for line with those of Miguel de Cervantes, the first creator of the Quixote (91). Menard accomplished this re-production of the Cervantes content without truly re-making Cervantess life. Rather, he concluded that the best course was proceeding to be Pierre Menard and going to the Quixote through the encounters of Pierre Menard (91). In spite of the fact that the two variants of the Quixote parts are totally indistinguishable, the storyteller inclines toward the Menard content. Menards adaptation is less dependent on nearby shading, progressively suspicious of verifiable truth, and all in all more unpretentious than Cervantess (93-94). Yet, on an increasingly broad level, Menards Don Quixote sets up and advances progressive thoughts regarding perusing and composing. As the storyteller notes in the last section, Menard has (maybe accidentally) enhanced the moderate and simple specialty of perusing by methods for another strategy the procedure of intentional erroneous date and misleading attribution (95). Following Menards model, perusers can decipher sanctioned messages in intriguing new manners by crediting them to writers who didnt really think of them. Foundation and Contexts Wear Quixote and World Literature: Published in two portions in the mid seventeenth century, Don Quixote is respected by numerous perusers and researchers as the main present day novel. (For artistic pundit Harold Bloom, Cervantes’s significance to world writing is matched uniquely by Shakespeare’s.) Naturally, Don Quixote would have charmed a cutting edge Argentine writer like Borges, in part in light of its effect on Spanish and Latin American writing, and mostly on account of its lively way to deal with perusing and composing. Be that as it may, there is another motivation behind why Don Quixote is particularly proper to â€Å"Pierre Menard†-in light of the fact that Don Quixote brought forth informal impersonations voluntarily. The unapproved spin-off by Avellaneda is the most well known of these, and Pierre Menard himself can be comprehended as the most recent in a line of Cervantes imitators. Trial Writing in the twentieth Century: Many of the world-renowned writers who preceded Borges made sonnets and books that are constructed generally of citations, impersonations, and suggestions to prior works. T.S. Eliot’s The Waste Land-a long sonnet that utilizes a bewildering, fragmentary style and draws continually on fantasies and legends-is one case of such reference-overwhelming composition. Another model is James Joyce’s Ulysses, which blends bits of ordinary discourse in with impersonations of antiquated sagas, medieval verse, and Gothic books. This thought of a â€Å"art of appropriation† likewise affected composition, model, and establishment workmanship. Test visual craftsmen, for example, Marcel Duchamp made â€Å"ready-made† works of art by taking articles from regular day to day existence seats, postcards, snow scoops, bike haggles them together in unusual new blends. Borges arranges â€Å"Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote† in this developing custom of citation and apportionment. (Actually, the last sentence of the story alludes to James Joyce by name.) But â€Å"Pierre Menard† likewise shows how the specialty of appointment can be taken to a diverting extraordinary and does as such without precisely lighting prior craftsmen; all things considered, Eliot, Joyce, and Duchamp all made works that are intended to be hilarious or foolish. Key Topics Menard’s Cultural Background: Despite his decision of Don Quixote, Menard is basically a result of French writing and French culture-and makes no mystery of his social feelings. He is recognized in Borges’s story as a â€Å"Symbolist from Nã ®mes, a fan basically of Poe-who conceived Baudelaire, who sired Mallarmã ©, who generated Valã ©ry† (92). (In spite of the fact that conceived in America, Edgar Allan Poe had a colossal French trailing his demise.) furthermore, the book reference that starts off â€Å"Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote† incorporates â€Å"a investigation of the fundamental metrical guidelines of French composition, showed with models taken from Saint-Simon† (89). Strangely, this instilled French foundation encourages Menard to comprehend and re-make a work of Spanish writing. As Menard clarifies, he can without much of a stretch envision the universe â€Å"without the Quixote.† For him, â€Å"the Quixote is an unforeseen work; the Quixote isn't important. I can plan submitting it to composing, in a manner of speaking I can compose it-without falling into a tautology† (92). Borges’s Descriptions: There are numerous parts of Pierre Menard’s life-his physical appearance, his idiosyncrasies, and the majority of the subtleties of his youth and residential life-that are overlooked from â€Å"Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote†. This isn't an aesthetic defect; actually, Borges’s storyteller is completely aware of these oversights. Given the chance, the storyteller intentionally moves in an opposite direction from the assignment of portraying Menard, and clarifies his reasons in the accompanying reference: â€Å"I did, I may state, have the optional motivation behind drawing a little sketch of the figure of Pierre Menard-however how could I contend with the plated pages I am told the Baroness de Bacourt is even now getting ready, or with the fragile sharp pastel of Carolus Hourcade?† (90). Borges’s Humor: â€Å"Pierre Menard† can be perused as a send-up of scholarly claims and as a bit of delicate self-parody on Borges’s part. As Renã © de Costa writes in Humor in Borges, â€Å"Borges makes two extraordinary sorts: the commemorating pundit who adores a solitary writer, and the venerated writer as a copyright infringer, before eventually embeddings himself into the story and balancing things with a normal self-parody.† notwithstanding adulating Pierre Menard for faulty achievements, Borges’s storyteller spends a great part of the story censuring â€Å"Mme. Henri Bachelier,† another abstract sort who respects Menard. The narrator’s readiness to follow somebody who is, in fact, on his side-and to pursue her for rather cloud reasons-is another stroke of amusing silliness. Concerning Borges’s comical self-analysis, de Costa noticed that Borges and Menard have oddly comparative composing propensities. Borges himself was known among his companions for â€Å"his square-controlled scratch pad, his dark intersections out, his particular typographical images, and his bug like handwriting† (95, reference). In the story, these things are ascribed to the unpredictable Pierre Menard. The rundown of Borges stories that make delicate jokes about parts of Borges’s character â€Å"Tlà ¶n, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius†, â€Å"Funes the Memorious†, â€Å"The Aleph†, â€Å"The Zahir†-is significant, however Borges’s most broad conversation of his own personality happens in â€Å"The Other†. A Few Discussion Questions How might â€Å"Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote† be extraordinary on the off chance that it focused on a book other than Don Quixote? Does Don Quixote appear the most proper decision for Menard’s odd task, and for Borges’s story? Should Borges have concentrated his parody on a very surprising determination from world literature?Why did Borges utilize such a large number of scholarly inferences in â€Å"Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote†? How would you think Borges needs his perusers to respond to these references? With deference? Inconvenience? Confusion?How would you describe the storyteller of Borges’s story? Do you feel that this storyteller is essentially a substitute for Borges, or are Borges and the storyteller altogether different in major ways?Are the thoughts regarding composing and perusing that show up in this story absolutely ludicrous? Or then again would you be able to consider genuine perusing and composing strategies that rev iew Menard’s thoughts? Note on Citations All in-content references allude to Jorge Luis Borges, Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote, pages 88-95 in Jorge Luis Borges: Collected Fictions (Translated by Andrew Hurley. Penguin Books: 1998).

Personal Statement Advertising, Public Relations & Media - 275 Words

Personal Statement: Advertising, Public Relations & Media (Admission Essay Sample) Content: NameInstructorCourse/ClassDatePersonal StatementMy interest in Advertising, Public Relations, and Media stem from personal attributes and experiences. I delight on the idea of working in a career that involves strategic planning, critical thinking, and creativity while promoting interactions with the public. I believe that my robust communication skills and enthusiasm in building networks provide a solid foundation for growth in this field. I also have a great interest in current affairs and accurate presentation of information to create the desired effect. These are the critical ingredients to success in this career.My experiences with my father fueled my interests in media and marketing. He has established a successful business from creating a positive image to the public. When I was young, I used to accompany him to meetings with existing and prospective clients. I, therefore, learned how the value of positive interactions to business. As I grew up, I could help my father in developing advertising campaigns for his business. I also introduced him to social media sites, a platform that he has used to keep in touch with his clients. The knowledge I acquired from my Business Studies classes became essential in the growth of the business. The captivation grew into an interest, which developed into a desire. I eventually developed a voracious passion for the development of strong relationships to promote the success of businesses.In school, I was involved in activities that helped me grow towards the career in Advertising, Public Relations, and Media. I was a member of the journalism club of my primary school. Here, I was involved in providing articles for the club. On one occasion, I used the platform to promote a fundraising event that was meant for charity. Even though the impact was not great because only a few students read the magazine, it showed my belief in the power of advertisement. I was also involved in the organization of numerous eve nts and student activities in my high school. In the process, I got to interact with various types of people and learned how to handle different personalities.I am an independent...

Visual Function Dementia - Health Dissertations - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 23 Words: 6939 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Health Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Abstract Recent evidence indicates that memory impairment and visual dysfunction are clearly linked in dementia, and that special testing for visual dysfunction can improve the early diagnosis and treatment of dementia. Visual function is divided in terms of anatomic, functional and cognitive areas respectively. Under normal circumstances these functions perform seamlessly together to produce a visual reality of what we call the external world. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Visual Function Dementia Health Dissertations" essay for you Create order Alzheimers disease is the most common form of dementia and past research into this area has shown that sufferers show visual deficits in several key areas. Namely contrast sensitivity, motion, colour, depth perception as well as visual hallucinations. Thus by approaching the patient in a appropriate manor with regards to dementia, clinical professionals can detect visual dysfunction and memory impairment whilst also providing a vital role in secondary and tertiary preventative measures. Furthermore clinical professionals can provide aid in the treatment of dementia linked visual disorders. With current demographic trends, dementia is becoming increasingly prevalent due in the ageing population. Consequently there is an increased need for practitioners to have a sound knowledge of such dementia conditions. Improving the sufferers quality of life should be the practitioners main concern. By providing thorough treatments and suggestions on patient tailored environmental modifications th is can be achieved. (1) Introduction Dementia is a loss of mental function in two or more areas such as language, memory, visual and spatial abilities, or judgment severe enough to interfere with daily life1. Dementia is not a disease itself, sufferers show a broader set of symptoms that accompany certain diseases or physical conditions1. Well known diseases that cause dementia include Alzheimers disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and multi-infarct dementia1. Dementia is an acquired and progressive problem that affects cognitive functions, behavior, thinking processes and the ability to carry out normal activities. Vision is one of the most important primary senses, therefore serious or complete sight loss has a major impact on a individuals ability to communicate effectively and function independently. Individuals who suffer from both dementia and serious vision loss will inevitably be subject to profound emotional, practical, psychological and financial problems. These factors will also influence others around th e sufferer and will extend to the family and the greater society. As we get older both dementia and visual problems inevitably become much more prevalent. Current demographic trends show the increase of the number of very old in our population. Therefore it is inevitable that dementia and serious sight loss either alone or together, will have important consequences for all of us1. The vast majority of people are aware that dementia affects the memory. However it is the impact it has on the ability to carry out daily tasks and problems with behavior that cause particular problems, and in severe cases can lead to institutionalization. In the primary stages of dementia, the patient can be helped by friends and family through ‘reminders. As progression occurs the individual will loose the skills needed for everyday tasks and may eventually fail to recognize family members, a condition known as prospagnosia. The result of such progression is that the individual becomes totally d ependent on others. Dementia not only affects the lives of the individual, but also the family2. Dementia can present itself in varying forms. The most common form of dementia in the old is Alzheimers disease, affecting millions of people. It is a degenerative condition that attacks the brain. Progression is gradual and at a variable rate. Symptoms of Alzheimers disease are impaired memory, thinking and changes in behaviour. Dementia with Lewy bodies and dementias linked to Parkinsons disease are responsible for around 10-20% of all dementias. Dementia with Lewy bodies is of particular interest as individuals3 with this condition not only present confusion and varying cognition, but also present symptoms of visual hallucinations2. Another common condition that causes dementia is multi-infarct dementia, also known as vascular dementia. It is the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimers disease in the elderly. Multi infarct dementia is caused by multiple strokes in the brain. These series of strokes can affect some intellectual abilities, impair motor skills and also cause individuals to experience visual hallucinations. Individuals with multi infarct dementia are prone to risk factors for stroke, such as high BP, heart disease and diabetes. Multi infarct dementia cannot be treated, once nerve cells die they cannot be replaced1. In most cases the symptoms of dementia and serious sight loss develop independently. However some conditions can cause both visual and cognitive impairments, for example Down syndrome, Multiple sclerosis and diabetes. Dementia is most prevalent in the elderly, as is sight loss. Therefore it is inevitable that a number of people will present dementia together with serious sight loss. There have been many studies into the prevalence of dementia in the UK. An estimate for the prevalence of dementia in people over 75 years of age is 15% of the population2. The Alzheimers society suggest that 775,200 people in the UK suff er from dementia (figures taken 2001). The Alzheimers society also calculates that the prevalence of dementia in the 65-75 years age group is 1 in 50, for 70-80 years 1 in 20 and for over 80 years of age 1 in 5. Estimates suggest that by 2010 approximately 840,000 people will become dementia sufferers in the UK. Estimates suggest that around 40% of dementia sufferers are in residential institutions. One study from 1996 showed that dementia sufferers are 30 times more likely to live in an institution than people without dementia. At 65 years of age men are 3 times more likely than women to live in an institution and at 86 men and women are equally likely to be institutionalized4. Visual impairments are not associated general diagnostic features of dementia. However recent research has shown the change in visual function and visual processing may be relevant. Alzheimers disease patients often present problems with visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, stereo-acuity and color vision. These problems are believed to be more true of cognitive dysfunction rather than any specific problems in the eye or optic nerve9. Early diagnosis is essential to both dementia and sight loss patients, as drug treatments are becoming more and more available. Therefore maximizing the treatment and care for the individual. On the other hand early diagnosis of visual conditions is also essential, so that progression is slowed and treatment is commenced, therefore further progression is prevented if plausible2. The Mini-Mental State examination MMSE, is the most commonly used cognitive test for the diagnosis of dementia. It involves the patient to undertake tests of memory and cognition. It takes the form of a series of questions/answers and uses written, verbal and visual material. Poor vision or blindness is the most common cause of poor performance on this test other than dementia itself2. Visual deterioration can occur simultaneously with memory loss in most dementia sufferer s. Therefore early recognition of dementia through vision tests has become of importance. Table 1 shows few possible tests that might be useful for such purpose Table 1 : Vision tests for possible early detection and monitoring of Alzheimers disease Use Benton visual retention test Might be able to predict risk for AD 10-15 years before the onset of the disease Tests visual memory Contrast sensitivity AD patients have selectively reduced CS for distinguishing large objects and faces Useful field of view Tests processing speed, divided attention and selective attention Facilitates detection of â€Å"attentional dysfunction†; patients suffering from this problem complain of poor vision and inability to identify someone in a group or an object on a patterned background Could be useful to assess fitness to drive Facial recognition AD patients do not recognize faces with large features and low contrast AD patients do not recognize familiar faces (due to impaired memory) Tests that use facial expressions with progressively diminished degree of contrast The aim of this paper is to provide information about current knowledge on the topic of visual function dementia. With regards to Alzheimers disease, there will be an inclination to several main foci of research. Namely anatomical/structural changes, functional visual changes, cognitive brain changes and other changes such as the effects of diagnostic drugs on Alzheimers disease patients. (2) Alzheimers disease Alzheimers disease is the most common cause of dementia amongst older adults. The Alzheimers research trust estimates that 700,000 individuals in the UK currently are afflicted. This number will inevitably increase exponentially in the near future with the trend of an increasingly aging UK population. Therefore it must be of the utmost of importance worldwide to have an understanding all behavioral, anatomical and physiological aspects of this disease. Alzheimers disease is a degenerative disease that attacks the brain, it begins gradually and progresses at a variable rate. Common signs are impaired thinking, memory and behavior. Health professionals and care givers agree that the memory deficit is usually the initial sign of the disease. However researchers have long known that Alzheimers disease is characterized by impairments of several additional domains, including visual function5. However these findings have not yet appeared in the diagnostic guides consulted by healthc are professionals, for example the most recent addition of the Diagnostic Statistical manual of mental disorders states that few sensory signs occur in early Alzheimers disease2. Therefore we still have a limited understanding of the true extent to which visual impairments affect Alzheimers disease sufferers. The current web site of the Alzheimers association1 and National Institute of Aging6 make no mention of the topic of sensory changes in Alzheimers disease. It has even been said that patients with Alzheimers disease report visual problems to their healthcare professionals less frequently than do healthy elderly individuals7. Nevertheless visual function is impaired in Alzheimers disease8. In terms of cognitive changes, the neuropathology of this disorder affects several other brain areas which are dedicated to processing low level visual functions, as well as higher level visual cognition and attention5.These neuropathological cognitive changes are more dominant however in the visual variant of Alzheimers disease known as posterior cortical atrophy. However visual problems are also present in the more common Alzheimers disease. Alzheimers disease begins when there are deposits of abnormal proteins outside nerve cells located in the brain in the form of amyloid. These are known as diffuse plaques, and the amyloid also forms the central part of further structured plaques known as senile or neurotic plaques1. Buildup of anomalous filaments of protein inside nerve cells in the brain can also take place. This protein accumulates as masses of filaments known as neurofibril tangles. Atrophy of the affected areas of the brain can also occur as well as the enlargement of the ventricles1. There is also a loss of the neuro transmitter Serotonin, Acetylcholine, Norepinephrine and Somatostatin. Attempts have been made to try to slow the development of the disease by replacing the neurotransmitters with cholinesterase inhibitors, such as donepezil (Aricept), rivast igmine (excelon), galantamine (Reminyl) and memantine (Namenda)1. These drugs work by increasing the levels of transmitters between cells, which otherwise become lacking in Alzheimers disease. The National Institute for Clinical Excellence NICE conducted a review of these drugs in March 2005 and concluded that none of these drugs provided sufficient enough advantages to the patient in order to justify their cost. They recommended against the use of such drugs in the Nhs, though the Department of Health later overturned this ruling. (3) Visual Changes in Alzheimers Patients Loss of vision is a key healthcare dilemma amongst the elderly. By the age of 65 approximately one in three people have a vision reducing eye disease. Dementia, Alzheimers disease patients and elderly patients, consequently have many visual conditions in common. Alzheimers disease impairs visual function early in the course of the disease and functional losses correlate with cognitive losses. There are several common visual functional deficits that are frequently identified in Alzheimers disease. There is evidence for deficits in Motion perception9,10 contrast sensitivity11 colour discrimination of blue short wavelength hues34 and performance on backward masking tests31.In Alzheimers disease the secondary point of damage is usually the visual association cortex and other higher cortical areas, as well as the primary visual cortex 13,14. (3.1) Some of the main changes that occur in the eye with aging include: The crystalline lens increases in thickness, therefore decreasing its transparency and elasticity; therefore there is a tendency for cataracts to appear. The conjunctiva can become thicker and wrinkled, therefore is subject to deposits such as pinguecela. The iris can atrophy, therefore pupils become constricted and their response to light becomes sluggish. The eyes ability to dark/light adapt is affected. Refractive index of the cornea decreases and it becomes less transparent. Arcus senilis can appear. The ocular globe and eyelids can shrink leading to conditions such as entropian, ectropian and trichiasis. Also while the lachrymal production is reduced the puncta lachrymalis can become stenosed and provide less drainage which gives rise to chronic watering of the eyes Anterior chamber usually becomes more shallow and the sclera more rigid, increasing the prospects of glaucoma. (3.2) Visual changes due to Alzheimers disease reported in literature are outlined below: (3.2) Anatomic Abnormal nerve fiber layer and retinal ganglion cells (Blanks et al, 1989); (Tsai et al, 1991); (Hedges et al, 1996 Imaging of the nerve fibre layer can be conducted via three techniques. These include Optical coherence topography (OCT), Scanning laser polarimetry and Confocal laser topography. Parisi et al16 conducted research upon the optic nerve fibre layer thickness using OCT. 17 Alzheimers disease individuals and 14 age matched healthy individuals were used. The findings of this study showed a definite relationship between the thickness of the nerve fiber layer and the prevalence of Alzheimers disease. There was a significant decrease in the nerve fiber layer thickness in Alzheimers individuals when compared to healthy age matched particpants. Macular cell loss (Blanks et al, 1990) Research has shown a definite decrease of the number of retinal ganglion cells located in the maculae of Alzheimers disease sufferers in comparison to age matched control individuals. It was found that the loss of retinal ganglion cells varied with eccentricity from the central macula17. Results obtained by Blanks et al, 1990 showed a 28% loss of neurons from retinal ganglion cells at 0-0.5mm from the foveola, 24% loss at 0.5-1.0mm and 47% loss at 1.0mm to1.5mm from the foveola. These losses of retinal ganglion cells were constantly greater than those seen in age matched healthy individuals. Supranuclear cataract (Goldstein et al, 2003) Cataract removal could improve not only the visual acuity but may be an important tool in helping those patients suffering from visual hallucinations (Chapman et al, 1999); however, no prospective study has been carried out to prove the role of vision improvement through cataract surgery on the well-being of patients suffering from AD; Exfoliation (Janciauskien and Krakau, 2001) Abnormal pupillary innervation [109-113] Glaucomatous optic nerve cupping (Bayer et al, 2002) (3.3) Functional Decreased visual acuity (Holroyd and Shepherd, 2001) Rapid loss of visual field in patients with AD and glaucoma (Bayer and Ferrari, 2002) Visual field loss (inferior) (Trick et al, 1995) Reduced contrast sensitivity (Holroyd and Shepherd, 2001) Abnormal colour discrimination (blue, short-wavelength hues) (Cronin-Golomb et al, 1991) Abnormal flash visual evoked potentials (VEPs) (Holroyd and Shepherd, 2001) Delayed saccadic eye movements (Holroyd and Shepherd, 2001) (3.4) Cognitive Abnormal visual sustained/divided/selective attention and visual processing speed (Rizzo et al, 2000) Inability to recognize depth (Holroyd and Shepherd, 2001) Impaired face recognition (van Rhijin et al, 2004) (3.5) Other Excessive pharmacological mydriasis/miosis [109-113] These changes summed together not only diminish the quality of vision, but many of them also make the examination of the eye much more complicated. In conjunction with the general visual symptoms of aging, Alzheimers patients can also experience visual disturbances caused by the brain rather than the visual system alone. This means that they can have problems and difficulties perceiving what they see rather than how clearly they see it3. Difficulties are usually experienced in the areas mentioned earlier, namely depth, motion, color, and contrast sensitivity. Visual hallucinations are also a common problem linked to loss of vision in Alzheimers disease patients18. Another common disorder linked to patients with Alzheimers disease is a variant of motion blindness. The patient can appear to be confused and lost; the individual will see the world as a series of still frames19. Visual changes in Alzheimers disease may also be dependent upon which brain hemisphere is more severely da maged; this factor can often be overlooked. An individual with Alzheimers disease could have damage to a greater extent on their left brain hemisphere from plaques and tangles. This would therefore cause subsequent retinal changes in only the left hemi-retinas of each eye i.e. the right visual fields. The right eye visual field would be affected in the temporal side (right) and the left eye visual field would be affected nasally (right)20. When only half the retina is impacted, smaller regions of the optic nerve and nerve fiber layer show losses. The left eye with affected temporal retina would show optic nerve damage in differing regions of the nerve than the right eye with nasal retinal damage20. Alzheimers patients commonly show selective degeneration of large ganglion cell axons located in the optic nerves. This suggests that there would be impairment of broadband channel visual function. Conversely studies have shown that broadband visual capabilities are not selectively imp aired in Alzheimers disease. The magnocellular and parvocellular neurons are greatly affected in Alzheimers patients, this has been proved by studies of the dorsal Lateral geniculate nucleus(LGN)1. The geniculostirate projection system is split both functionally and anatomically into two sections. They include the parvocellular layers of the Lateral geniculate body and also incorporates the magnocellular layers. These systems are mainly divided in the primary visual cortex and go through further segregation in the visual association cortex. They conclude in the temporal and paritetal lobes1. The parvocellular layers contain smaller, centrally located receptive fields that account for high spatial frequencies (acuity), they also respond well to color. On the other hand these cells do not respond well to rapid motion or high flicker rates. The magnocellular cells have larger receptive fields and respond superiorly to motion and flicker. They are however comparatively insensitive to color differences. The magnocellular neurons generally show poor spatial resolution, although they seem to respond better at low luminance contrasts. To summarize the parvocellular system is superior at detecting small, slow moving, colored targets placed in the centre of the visual field. Meanwhile the magnocellular system has the ability to process rapidly moving and optically degraded stimuli across larger areas of the visual field1. The parvocellular system projects ventrally to the inferior temporal areas, which are involved in visual research, pattern recognition and visual object memory. The magnocellular system projects dorsally to the posterior parietal and superior temporal areas. These are specialized for motion information processing. The cerebral cortical areas to which the parvocelluar system projects receives virtually no vestibular afferents. Alternatively the cerebral areas to which the magnocelullar system projects receives significant vestibular and other sens ory inputs. These are believed to be involved in maintaining spatial orientation. Research shows shows that the magnocellular system is more involved in Alzheimers disease1 Oddly, many individuals experience difficulties at low spatial frequencies instead of high frequencies as in old age. This suggests that areas controlling the low spatial frequency processing in the primary visual cortex would be affected more than those for higher frequencies processing21 After neuropathilogical studies in 1997 by Hof et al were carried out on brains with visual impairments they concluded that cortical atrophy dominated on the posterior parietal cortex and occipital lobe22. Glaucoma is also a neurodegenerative disease that has similar effects on the visual system. Lower spatial frequencies in the contrast sensitivity, deficits in the blue short wavelength color range as well as reductions in motion perception are all linked to glaucomatous patients23. When patients diagnosed with Alzheimer s disease also have glaucoma, the deterioration of vision related to glaucoma is much more rapid and progression is more aggressive than in people with glaucoma solely and not Alzheimers disease as well24.Glaucoma is different from Alzheimers disease in that it affects the visual function at the early sites of neural activity, namely, the retinal ganglion cells. Glaucoma destroys the afferent axons at the nerve fiber layer in the retina. This loss of axons ultimately leads to added atrophy further up the visual pathway due to decreased neuronal input. Alternatively Alzheimers disease impacts the cells that are located terminally or intermediary in the visual pathway of the brain. The result is again reduced neuronal input due to loss of nerve fibre connections and atrophy along the visual pathway. When the two diseases exist in the same individual together it can be seen that there is likely to be a greater disruption to the visual system25. One key difference between the two diseas es is that they affect the visual pathway at different points. Glaucoma is a degenerative disease starting at the beginning of the visual pathway, whereas Alzheimers disease is a degenerative process starting relatively late in the visual pathway. When the two diseases coexist then the neuronal and functional losses of vision are cumulative. (4) Optometric examination of dementia patients Dementia patients present special problems for optometrists. A standard eye test can be an audile to even the best of us. The patient is placed in an unfamiliar environment surrounded by unusual equipment, machinery and is subjected to probing questions about their medical history which will without doubt tax their already flawed memory. Dementia patients are most likely to be from the elderly. Therefore several difficulties are presented while conducting an ocular examination. The patient is required to sustain a position and has to maintain concentration throughout the testing procedures, which can be very difficult. Subjective examination requires responses from the patient, they are expected to remember and follow complex instructions given to them by the optometrist as well as make many precise discriminatory judgments in a short space of time. The multiple tasks required to be completed during the examination are often beyond dementia patients as they are limited by the disea se. Therefore it is common that patients with even a minor degree of dementia fail to provide valid answers, provide unpredictable responses to the subjective examination and retreat into an apathetic state1,2. During the visual examination of Alzheimers disease patients, several key visual problems can be detected. Moderate dementia patients will often experience problems such as topographic agnosia, alexia without agraphia, visual agnosia and prospagnosia1. Such patients often cannot describe individual components of photos and routinely fail to recognize family members. The degree to which such problems are experienced is consistent with the level of cytochrome oxidase deficits in the associated cortical area. In conjunction with these problems dementia patients often have problems with texture discrimination and blue violet discrimination1. Throughout the examination of the elderly dementia patients there are two contradictory requirements, firstly is ‘assurance. The patients responses will be delayed and the patient may feel anxious in such an unfamiliar situation. Thus constant reassurance is required and they cannot be rushed. Alternatively time constraints are important, a dementia/elderly patient is likely to have a short attention span. Consequently the two factors above much be considered and balanced. The examination must be thorough yet carried out as quickly as possible. Often when examining a dementia patient a family member of the carer must be present in order to aid the communication between optometrist and patient, for example difficulties are likely to occur when recording history and symptoms without a carer present. All factors need to be considered such as family history, medication, eye treatment and knowledge of any medical conditions and if so how long they have suffered from them. In terms of an external examination firstly, gross observations should be recorded for example does the patient have an abnormal head positi on or is there any lid tosis. Many external observations can also be detected with the aid of pupil reflexes. Upon carrying out the external examination the optometrist must be carful to explain exactly what each procedure will involve so as not to intimidate the patient. (4.1) Internal ocular health examination Internal examination of an elderly patient often presents many problems. Older patients tend to have constricted pupils and often opacities in the media such as cataract. All of which make opthalmoscopy a much more complex task for the optometrist. Patients with dementia also show poor fixation as well as lack of concentration. Pupil dilation is often used to aid external examination however many older patients can have a poor response to the insertion of mydriatic eye drops. fddfdffdg There have been many studies into the affects of diagnostic mydriatic and miotic drugs. Many studies have shown excessive mydriatic pupil response to trompicamide (a pupil dilating dr ug) in patients with Alzheimers disease when compared to control individuals26-30. On the other hand studies into the use of Miotic drops, particularly Pilocarpine have shown an increased response of pupil constriction in Alzheimers disease patients upon comparison to normal control patients. These findings suggest a defect in pupillary innervation with Alzheimers disease individuals. Studies of post mortem individuals with exaggerated mydriatic pupil responses to Tropicamide found a definte disruption to the Edinger-Westphal nucleus. The Edinger-Westphal nucleus is one of the key structures of the brain involved in the autonomic nervous system, it mediates the sympathetic and para-sympathetic pupil responses. Research by Scinto et al found amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in all individuals tested with excessive mydriatic pupil responses. The conclusion was that the Edinger-Westphal nucleus is targeted early in the progression of Alzheimers disease. In terms of intrao cular pressures use of the goldman an Perkins tonometers will be limited for the elderly dementia patients, due to health and safety reasons. Sudden movements whilst carrying out pressure tests on such equipment may be dangerous. Therefore this can be overcome to a degree by the use of handheld instruments such as the pulseair. However even with the pulseair problems can still be faced with uncooperative patients. (4.2) Objective Refraction examination With uncooperative and awkward patients objective refraction through retinosopy may be difficult. Factors such as opacified media, miotic pupils, and poor fixation will influence the accuracy of the refraction. The recent introduction of hand held optometers has contributed to somewhat overcoming such problems. Instruments such as thee Nikon Retinomax are excellent for obtaining an objective refraction of the elderly patient with miotic pupils and cloudy media. When presenting the Snellen chart to a patient, the quality of th eir response will inevitably depend upon the degree of their dementia. Depending on which stage of dementia they are suffering from, responses could range from routine reading of the chart to no response at all. The later presents the optometrist with greater problems; however a visual acuity can still be measured via other techniques. (5) Treatment of Alzheimers disease Alzheimers disease is often widespread and a prevalent problem, however it is often an untreated disorder. A reason for this impairment to be overlooked could be that visual function is typically only measured in terms of visual acuity in the majority of cases, which in Alzheimers patients is often normal. However, studies have shown that up to 60% of people with Alzheimers disease show deficits in one or multiple visual areas such as depth perception, motion perception, color discrimination or contrast sensitivity9,11. Therefore detection and treatment of Alzheimers patients must include these other visual capacities and not only visual acuity tests. Correcting any deficits in refraction should not be considered unnecessary in a patient suffering from AD. Sufferers should be encouraged to wear their correction whenever necessary. In addition, as most of the patients misplace their glasses or forget about using them, caregivers should be advised to have a spare pair of glasses at a ll times. Besides correcting deficits in refraction, the eye-care provider could also use other methods to increase the quality of vision in patients suffering from AD: Use of yellow filters, lenses that selectively block specific wavelengths of light, specifically those in the short blue wavelength range have already been proved to increase reading speed and contrast sensitivity in subjects with Alzheimers disease31. Sakai et al32 found that contrast sensitivity became enhanced at all frequencies and there was a subjective enhancement in visual function reported by patients. Deficits in depth perception have accurately been demonstrated in Alzheimers individuals10,12-14,19,34. Decline in this visual capacity is even seen at the early stages of Alzheimers disease, independently of the other visual capacities14. Impaired depth perception will inevitably cause problems in performing everyday tasks10,14 eg walking, cleaning and stair climbing. Motion perception is also a common defi cit seen in Alzheimers disease35-38. Studies have shown that individuals with Alzheimers take significantly longer to identify stationary objects that can be identified by motion cues41,43. A study by Rizzo et al36 found that 33% of Alzheimers patients had car accidents when put through a set of driving scenarios in a virtual simulator, compared to 0 accidents with non demented age matched participants. The decreased ability of Alzheimers patients to accurately process visual motion cues was a significant factor in avoiding accidents. Contrast sensitivity can be defined as the smallest difference in intensity that a person can resolve between an object and its immediate surround. Most elderly patients are impaired at high spatial frequencies. However Alzheimers sufferers are impaired at low spatial frequencies as well8,10,33,41,20. Problems with contrast sensitivity will have a subsequent impact on how a person with Alzheimers disease perceives their environment, and will adverse ly affect their ability to perform many everyday tasks such as dressing, washing and eating to name but a few. Contrast sensitivity problems cannot be cured or overcome by means such as optical correction through spectacles, medication or surgery. However individuals can be helped by environmental modifications. We will now go on to discuss a handful of simple environmental modifications that can be made for dementia patients in order to increase their quality of life. Firstly there are several key simple principles relating to colour and light that should always be considered when modifying a living area for a dementia individual. Table 2: Environmental modifications for dementia sufferers Color Light Use sharply contrasting color between back ground and foreground. Always have even distribution of light within a room. Use solid colors rather than stripes or multi color patterns. Good to have as much natural light as possible. Do not use ‘like colors next to each other Minimise glare Task lighting when applicable Place light behind reading or television chair to enhance vision. In the bedroom the main point of concern is not to bump into objects and not to fall out of bed. Caregivers can also find it problematic to get the patient into their bedroom at the end of the day. Enhancing the contrast of objects in the bedroom will help patients to recognize areas of their room and intern make the care givers job much easier. In order to draw the patient into a room, a common technique many institutions or caregivers use is to paint the furthest most wall in the bedroom in a contrasting color to the rest of the room. In a light colored room (magnolia) it would be advantageous to paint the far wall in a dark contrasting color such as brown. This will provide a depth cue for the patient and will encourage them to enter the bedroom. Once in the room dementia patients can often have problems locating the bed. Again this problem can be aided by a simple modification of using a bed spread that is of high contrast when compared to the surrounding walls and floor of t he room. This simple but effective modification will draw the patient towards the bed and help prevent them from tripping or stumbling over the bed. Other simple tips can be to modify appliances within the bedroom such as telephones, clocks and radios with different colored buttons to encourage independence. The bathroom is another frequently used area within the household and there are many simple modifications that can be made within this area to aid the user. Firstly placing a fixed bath mat of the same color as the floor is a simple useful modification. The matt with low contrast to the floor will decrease any depth perception problems and will aid the user when getting in and out of the bath tub. Also a fixed mat can be placed inside the bath tub, however in this case the matt should be of a contrasting color to the tub. The reasoning behind this is that the contrasting bath mat will provide an excellent depth cue for the user, who would other wise be unsure to about how dee p the floor of the bath tub is. The bathroom can also be a hazardous place for a dementia individual as there are many risks within this room especially the risk of hot water. Consequently an extremely important modification in the bathroom is to ensure all taps have different colored knobs on the hot and cold components. The colored taps will provide a color cue and help the user to distinguish between the two. The kitchen can be a hazardous place, especially for the elderly and dementia sufferers. A lot of time is spent in the kitchen within a family environment and the kitchen is often described as the heart of the home. Therefore by making a few small modifications to this area, dementia sufferers can continue to carry out everyday tasks independently. The first modification depending on the severity of dementia is to modify light switches and power sockets, this can be done by increasing there contrast in comparison to the walls so that they stand out more to encourage indep endent use. However if the power outlets pose as threat to the safety of the individual, such as in cases were the individual is a severe dementia sufferer, then covers should be used which merge the power outlets with the walls of the kitchen so as to discourage independent use. If the individual still has the ability and chooses to make their own tea, coffee or simple meals, then it is essential that any appliances used should have automatic shut off switches. These will provide an extremely valuable safety tool, especially so for individuals who live alone. The automatic switches will protect the individual from their own forgetfulness and act as a safety insurance policy. (6) Conclusion The full extent to which dementia affects the visual system is still poorly understood. Among other functions, dementia more so Alzheimers disease greatly affects contrast sensitivity, colour perception, motion perception and pupil reaction. Research has found the presence of neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic plaques in the Edwinger Westphal Nucleus, a primary component of the papillary innervation system in the LGN. Many other ocular diseases such as glaucoma and retinitis pigmentosa affect similar visual functions to Alzheimers disease, the most common form of dementia. However these originate in the eye itself. The majority of deficits in Alzheimers disease however originate in the brains higher order processing regions. Glaucoma affects components of the visual system at axon level and RP at receptor level. Through increased research and additional studies into all three ocular problems, we are beginning to understand the visual system to a much greater extent. It is evident that damage at either receptor level or higher end brain functions has consequences for the complete visual system. Interestingly all three of the diseases, Alzheimers, Glaucoma and RP show increased functional deficits involving short wavelength blue light when compared to longer wavelengths. Also all three diseases cause damage to the ganglion the ganglion cells of the retina. With regards to the practical application of research on the visual performance of dementia individuals, enhancing contrast levels seems to prolong individuals current levels of functioning, helping them to maintain their independence. Increased contrast also intern reduces the risk of injury due to falls or trips in dementia patients. A simple modification such as increased contrast within the home environment not only leads to a greater quality of life but also creates independence for the individual, while also reducing the level of care needed. The level of stress experienced by the caregiver is the primary reason for an individual with dementia to be placed into a long term care environment42,43. Older individuals who are put into the care system generally acquire more illnesses, have a poorer quality of life and by large have shorter life expectancies than those who remain out of the external care system44. Theoretically, the aim of making modifications within the homes of dementia sufferers is to delay long term care scenarios for long as possible and maintain independence. There is currently a lack of formal studies into the affects of dementia on the visual system. Details about sufferers of dementia and sight loss can generally only be found in research examining one of the two conditions. Very few papers address the actual experiences and requirements of individuals with both dementia and visual problems. However both problems are common amongst the elderly, especially those in residential and care institutions. Research, development and investment in the future will greatly help to contribute to improved care for dementia and sight loss sufferers. A better understanding of the daily lives and experiences of these people will give us a greater insight into the problems faced and will help to improve the quality of care available9. (7) References 1 Solomons H (2005) Vision and Dementia 2 Jones R (2007) Dementia and serious sight loss: occasional paper no 11. 3 http:www.alz.org/AboutAD/Statistics.htm 4 Launer LJ, et al. (1999) Rates and Risk Factors for Dementia and Alzheimers disease: results from EURODEM pooled analyses. Neurology, 52: 78-84. 5 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, ed4. Washington, American Psychiatric Association, 1994. 6 https://www.nia.nih.gov 7 McCormack WC et al. Symptom patterns and comorbidity in the early stages of Alzheimers disease. J Am Geriatr Soc 1994;42:517-521. 8 Mendola JD et al. Prevalence of visual deficits in Alzheimers disease. Optom Vis Sci 1995;72: 155-167 9 Duffy CJ,et al. Cortical motion blindness in visuospatial AD. Neurobiol Ageing 1994:49:P52- P57. 10 Gilmore GC. et al, Motion perception and Alzheimers disease J Gerontol 1994:49 P52-P57 11 Cronin-Golomb A. et al, Incomplete Achromatopsia In Alezheimers disease. Neurobiol Aging 1993:1 4:471-477. 12 Cronin-Golomb A. et al, Visul Dysfuntion in Alzheimers Disease: Relaion to normal ageing Ann Neurol 1991:29:41-52 13 Pietrini P. et al, Preferential metabolic involvement of visual cortical areas in sub-type of Alzheimers disease: Clinical implications. Am J Psychiatry 1996:153:1261-1268. 14 Hof PR. et al. Quantitative analysis of vulnerable subset of pyramidal neurons in alzheimers disease.II. Primary and secondary visual cortex. J comp Neurol 1990; 301:55-64. 15 Solomons H (1992) Examination of the elderly patient. Optician 205: 15-18]. 16 58 Parisi V. et al, Moprphalogical and functional retinal impairment in Alzheimers disease patients. Clin Neurophysiol 2001;112;1860-1867 17 61 Blanks JC. et al, Retinal degeneration in the macula of patients with Alzheimerss disease. Ann NY Acad Sci 1990;64:44-46. 18 Chapman F, et al. (1999) Association between hallucinations, visual acuity specific eye pathology in Alzheimers disease treatment implications A MJ, Psychiatry 156:1983-5. 19 Tetewsky SJ and Duffy CJ (1999) Visual loss and getting lost in Alzheimers disease. Neurology 52: 958-965.] 20 Neargarder SA. et al: The impact of acuity on the performance of four clinical measures of contrast sensitivity in Alzheimers disease. J Geronto B Psychol sci soc sci 2003:58:54-62 21 Wong-Riley M. et al (1997) Cytchrome oxidase in Alzheimerz disease: Biochemical, historical, and immunohistochemical analysis of the visual and other systems, Vision research 37:3593-3607 22 Hof PR, et al (1997) Atypical form of Alzheimers disease with prominent posterior cortical atrophy. A review of lesion distribution circuit disconnection in cortical pathways, vision research 37:3607-3622 23 Shabana N, Cornilleau Peres V, Carkeet A, chew PTK: Motion perception in glaucoma patients: A review. Surv Opthalmol 2003;48:92-106 24 Bayer AU, Ferrari F,Erb C: High occurrence rate of glaucoma among patients with Alzheimers disease. Eur Neurol 2002;47: 165-168. 25 Bayer AU, Ferrari F: Severe progression of glaucomatous optic neuropathy in patients with Alzheimers disease. Eye 2002;165-168. 26 Gomez-Tortosa. et al: Pupil response to Tropicamide in Alzheimers disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. Acta Neurol (1996) 94:104-109. 27 Reitner A. et al, The mydriatic effect of tropicamide and its diagnostic use in Alzheimers disease. Vis Res 1997; 37:95-115. 28 Grunberger J. et al, Receptor test ( pupillary dilation after application of 0.01% tropicamide solution) and determination of central nervous activation ( Fourier analysis of papillary oscillations) in patients with Alzheimers disease. Neruropsychobiology 1999;40:40-46. 29 Granholm E, et al, Tropicamide effects on pupil size and papillary light reflexes in Alzheimers and Parkinsons disease. Int j Psychophsiol 2003; 47:95-115. 30 Scinto LFM. et al, Pupil assay and Alzheimers disease: A critical analysis. Neurology 1999;52:673-677. 31 Lawton TB: Image en hancement filters significantly improve reading performance for low vision observers. Opthalmic Phsiol Opt 1992;2:193-200. 32 120Sakai S. et al, Yellow glasses Improve contrast sensitivity of a patient with a visual variant of Alzheimers disease. Eur Neurol 2002;48:224-225. 33 Cronin-Golomb A. et al, Visul Dysfuntion in Alzheimers Disease: Relaion to normal ageingAnn Neurol 1991:29:41-52 34 Tetewsky SJ Duffy CJ (1999) Visual loss getting lost in Alzheimers disease. Neurology 52:958-965 35 OBrien et al. Visual mechanisms of spatial disorientation in Alzheimers disease. Cereb cortex (2001) 11:1083-1092. 36 Rizzo M, et al: Simulated car crashes at intersections in drivers with Alzheimers disease. 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Should Marijuana Be Legalized - 1092 Words

The notion of legalizing marijuana has been a very controversial issue. In most states the use and possession of marijuana is illegal, but today some states have legalized marijuana such as Colorado and Washington since Nov. 2012 due to Colorado’s Amendment 64 was enacted for its recreational use. Marijuana has always been seen as a bad drug but marijuana is misunderstood by the nation. Marijuana has never been issued to be dangerous, it is safer than a lot of other drugs being used today. Till this day there is a constant reminder that drugs are bad, yet no matter what legal or illegal marijuana is being consumed by many. Marijuana is the most commonly used illicit drug in the United States, in which it’s why marijuana should be legalized†¦show more content†¦Her parents tried everything, numerous types of prescriptions that failed to help her in any way. Doctors even suggested to put their child in a medically induced coma to give her small, battered body a r est, but that wasn’t the answer. Her father stumbled over this article that mentioned a son being relieved by seizures for days with marijuana. Paige eventually gave her daughter, Charlotte marijuana oil, for the first time and her daughter seizures stopped for seven days. Since then charlotte seizures have come to only 2-3 per month instead of multiples in a week. Her ability to walk has improved, she even feeds herself and by the day she communicates more and more. Charlotte being the youngest to consume marijuana by the Stanley brothers, the plant in which help her and others with their symptoms has been named after her. It’s called Charlotte s Web. In which this is one of the reason why marijuana should be legalized, since it is used for medication it has higher and better quality health standards. Therefore, marijuana being illegal is a disadvantage to whom suffers from diseases, in which their main medication is marijuana. (Young) Nationwide it’s been said marijuana is bad, but so is alcohol, and yet alcohol is legal. There’s no complain with alcohol and cigarettes, then there shouldn’t be a reason not to accept marijuana. It has been brought up that marijuana is addictive. Yes,

Animal Farm And Revolution Essay Example For Students

Animal Farm And Revolution Essay There are the infamous examples of Stalin and Hitler in history in which someone takes abuse of power for their own personal gain. George Orwell emphasizes this idea of the abuse of power through animals in his novel Animal Farm. The characters of Napoleon, Squealer, the dogs, and Boxer all symbolize important types of people in the making and breaking of a revolution. Animal Farm contains the theme that there will always be some group of people who will contaminate an idealistic revolution for their own gain. The main character in Animal Farm who takes advantage of the stupider animals and completely ruins the Revolution is Napoleon, a pig. Napoleon loves power and chases away another pig with power, Snowball, so he can be the sole ruler. Napoleon symbolizes the people of the world who will do anything to be in control. One especially famous example of this type of person is the character Macbeth from William Shakespeares Macbeth. We will write a custom essay on Animal Farm And Revolution specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Macbeth murdered the king, killed innocent people, and sacrificed his morals in order to become king. This type of person is needed in order for an idealistic revolution to be corrupted. Through the character of Napoleon, George Orwell emphasizes that there will always be someone willing to commit heinous deeds in order to become leader, dictator, or tyrant The pigs of the farm are much smarter then the rest of the barn animals and take up the job as the thinkers and planners. The other animals are the workers and diligently believe anything the pigs tell them. The abuse of power begins when they notice that the apples and milk start disappearing. Sqealer, the public speaker pig, explains this to the worker animals: You do not imagine, I hope, that we pigs are doing this in a spirit of selfishness and privilege? Many of us actually dislike milk and apples. I dislike them myself. Our sole object in taking these things is to preserve our health. Milk and apples this has been proved by Science, comrades contain substances absolutely necessary to the well-being of a pig. We pigs are brainworkers. The whole management and organization of this farm depend on us. Day and night we are watching over your welfare. It is for your sake that we drink that milk and eat those apples. Do you know what would happen if we pigs failed in our duty? Jones would come back! Yes, Jones would come back! p52 This is only the only the beginning, as the pigs keep taking more for themselves and leaving less for the rest of the animals. Eventually the worker animals are worse of then when they were with Mr. Jones. They are worked to death and on the verge of starvation because of the greed of the pigs. Orwell uses this suffering as an example of the extent some people will go to for personal gain. As any reader can see, Squealer had an important part in this process. Squealer symbolizes the public relations man who  will say anything to get what he wants kind of like a lawyer. Squealer is the most handy with words and can convince the worker animals of anything. He is even able to continually convince them that they remember things wrong. Squealer alters the past to the convenience of his idol, Napoleon. A squealer is needed for any man or animals rise to power, to brainwash the public into believing their leader is god. Orwell uses the character of Squealer to prove that there will always be a group of people who take a Revolution and corrupt it for their own personal gain. And then there are the dogs. .ud92a3dc745ea7cf5c74f130c7a41ffcf , .ud92a3dc745ea7cf5c74f130c7a41ffcf .postImageUrl , .ud92a3dc745ea7cf5c74f130c7a41ffcf .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud92a3dc745ea7cf5c74f130c7a41ffcf , .ud92a3dc745ea7cf5c74f130c7a41ffcf:hover , .ud92a3dc745ea7cf5c74f130c7a41ffcf:visited , .ud92a3dc745ea7cf5c74f130c7a41ffcf:active { border:0!important; } .ud92a3dc745ea7cf5c74f130c7a41ffcf .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud92a3dc745ea7cf5c74f130c7a41ffcf { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud92a3dc745ea7cf5c74f130c7a41ffcf:active , .ud92a3dc745ea7cf5c74f130c7a41ffcf:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud92a3dc745ea7cf5c74f130c7a41ffcf .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud92a3dc745ea7cf5c74f130c7a41ffcf .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud92a3dc745ea7cf5c74f130c7a41ffcf .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud92a3dc745ea7cf5c74f130c7a41ffcf .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud92a3dc745ea7cf5c74f130c7a41ffcf:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud92a3dc745ea7cf5c74f130c7a41ffcf .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud92a3dc745ea7cf5c74f130c7a41ffcf .ud92a3dc745ea7cf5c74f130c7a41ffcf-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud92a3dc745ea7cf5c74f130c7a41ffcf:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Silas Marner - George Eliot EssayEarly in the novel , while Snowball is working on literacy for the entire farm, Napoleon steals some puppies sand raises them to be his guard dogs. The dogs symbolizes the Secret Police or law enforces that are needed to force the animal workers, or public, to do as the leader demands. The dogs are responsible for Napoleons rise to power. They look up to him as an master: It was noticed that they wagged their tails to him as the other dogs had been used to do to Mr. Jones. p68 The dogs are also the type of people who can be easily brainwashed into believing that their master is God. They are the ones who do the dirty work. It is partly the terrorism of the dogs that rule the animals. Orwell uses these dogs to convince the reader that there are these types of people out there who will use force to work towards the corruption of an idealistic revolution. Boxer is an important character in the novel. He is a not very bright old cart horse whose answer to any problem is I will work harder. Boxer is known for saying If Comrade Napoleon said it, then it must be right. He symbolizes all the people in the world whose blind faith allow their leader to take advantage of them. Boxer believed in the cause but was innocent at heart. There are always simple people who know nothing else but to follow a leader. The pigs arrange for Boxer to be taken to a glue factory once he is no longer of any use. This is Orwells example of the abuse of the innocent. Orwell uses the character of Boxer to emphasize that these types of loyal and self-sacrificing people will always be willing to follow their leader to the end, making it easier for a revolution to be corrupted with personal gain. Animal Farm contains many characters which symbolize the types of people willing to corrupt a revolution for their own personal gain. This has been proven in many instances throughout history and other novels. Orwell chose to prove this through the simple story of barnyard animals, making it easy for everyone to understand his ideas. In conclusion, there are always going to be the power-hungry, the weak and strong, the followers and the leaders,  and those willing to go to any extreme in order to be in achieve inner profit.