Beer’s Law Problem Set Essay

Beer’s Law Problem Set Spring 2013 1. Calculate the absorbances corresponding to the following values of the percentage of transmitted light: (Provide your final answer with three decimal places) a. 95% b. 88% c. 71% d. 50% e. 17.5% f. 1% 2. A solution of a compound (1.0mM) was placed in a spectrophotometer cuvette of light path 1.05cm. The light transmission was 18.4% at 470nm. Determine the molar extinction coefficient. Include units in your answer. 3. The molar extinction coefficient of reduced NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphophate) at 340nm is 6220 L/mole ·cm. 3ml of solution containing 0.2 micromoles of NADH were placed in a cuvette of 1.05cm light path. Calculate the percentage light transmission of this sample at 340nm. 4. 3ml of a solution containing both the oxidized and reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD and NADH, respectively) was placed in a 1.0cm spectrophotometer cuvette. The absorbance at 340nm (at which only the reduced form is measured) was 0.207. The absorbance at 260nm (which measures both the oxidized and reduced forms together) was 0.900. The molar extinction coefficient of NADH is 6220 L/mole ·cm, and the molar extinction coefficient at 260nm is 18,000 L/mole ·cm. Calculate the molar concentrations of oxidized and reduced forms of the nucleotide in the mixed solution. 5. A mixture of ortho, meta, and para cresoles dissolved in cyclohexane may be analyzed spectrophotometrically because each exhibits an absorption in a region where absorption due to the other cresols is negligible. The absorption maxima occur at 752nm, 776nm, and 815nm for ortho, meta, and para cresols, respectively. To test the validity of Beer’s Law for solutions of cresols, each is made up in cyclohexane at a series of concentrations and the absorbances measured. Data obtained are recorded below: Ortho Meta Para Concentration (g/100ml) 0.25 0.50 1 2 Absorbance (at 752nm) 0.120 0.235 0.465 0.820 Concentration (g/100ml) 0.60 1.15 2.35 Absorbance (at 776nm) 0.115 0.220 0.460 Concentration (g/100ml) 0.50 1 2.1 3.15 Absorbance (at 815nm) 0.09 0.2 0.415 0.60 An unknown mixture of the three cresols in cyclohexane was analyzed and the percentage of light absorbed at 752, 776, and 815nm was 27.5, 50, and 41 respectively. Determine the concentration of each cresol and the percentage of the final mixture. (Calculate your answer using 3 decimal places) (Hint: if 20% of the light is absorbed by the sample, then 80% is transmitted. Percent absorbed does not equal Absorbance. Also, the table of data above should be used to generate a graph. How would this help you?) Answers: 1) a. 0.022 b. 0.056 c. 0.149 d. 0.301 2) ~700 L/mole ·cm 3) 36.7% 4) NAD= 16.7uM , NADH= 33.3uM 5) ortho 0.259g/100ml 8.697% meta 1.549g/100ml 52.014% para 1.170g/100ml 39.288% e. 0.757 f. 2.00

How Ian Mcmillan Conveys His Attitudes Towards the Death of His Mother Essay

McMillan uses harsh words throughout the poem to show his grief and remorse at his mothers death. Words like â€Å"shatters† link with how he is feeling, like everything is broken and cannot be repaired. This word makes us imagine something broken into lots of tiny pieces which can’t be put back together again, and it helps us to understand how broken and jumbled up he is feeling. The word â€Å"slap† when talking about â€Å"the tears (that) slap my torn face† insinuates the idea that he is in physical pain, that the emotional pain he feels is is so strong that he physically hurts. In the first stanza, we find out about his mothers death. Enjambment is used to speed up the pace of the poem, and show how quickly someone’s whole live can change, like in the phraseâ€Å"In the moment it takes a life to pass/ from waking to sleeping† The phrase â€Å"from waking to sleeping† highlights the opposites in what he and his mother are doing, as she passes from life to death. The word ‘sleeping’ creates quiet a gentle image, and suggests that her death was not unexpected, and perhaps was drawn out and painful. Sleep is a very relaxed and calm time, the only time when the human mind can escape from problems in the day, so perhaps the idea of his mother falling asleep is comforting, like she has now stopped suffering and can rest happy. The second stanza uses a lot of words relating to the senses, to help us understand how McMillan is feeling. The sentence â€Å"outside a milk float chinks and shines† shows that the world is carrying on as normal, despite the fact that McMillan’s world has personally just stopped. The rhyming pattern throughout this poem is abab, but in this stanza the words â€Å"mine† and â€Å"shines† are meant to rhyme, but the fact that they don;t fully rhyme represents the disorientation he is feeling upon finding out about his mothers death, and perhaps also shows how nothing is quite right any more. Also, the word ‘drones’ when describing a plane has been used to represent the deep grief he is feeling, and makes us feel like he has completely given up. In the third stanza McMillan seems to be describing a state of shock that he has fallen in to, which is quite a normal reaction when a loved one dies. McMillan describes his tears to ‘slap’ his ‘torn face’; as well as ‘slap’ being a raw and aggressive word, the way he describes his face as ‘torn’ perhaps suggests that it was his mother who held him together, and now, without her, he is broken. This helps us to realise how important his mother was to him, which makes us sympathise for him a lot and evokes a feeling of empathy when we put ourselves in his position. McMillan says he feels ‘trapped’, like he is trapped by his own emotion and although it’s up to him to find a way out of this dark place, he can’t see an escape. This shows how alone and scared he is feeling knowing his motherr is no longer around and also makes us think how panicked he must be feeling, as we would be if we were trapped somewhere. The word ‘float’ makes us think that McMillan is no longer in control of his emotions, that what he is feeling is unstoppable, but also it instigates the sense that nothing seems quite normal around him, and that he is detached from reality. The final stanza is a rhyming couplet that summarises the grief and emptiness and the lack of will to go on without his mother. â€Å"Feeling that the story ends just here† conveys the idea that there isn’t a story to continue without his mother, showing how depressed McMillan is feeling, like he has reached a dead end in his life.

Is the lenght of psychtherapy related to the nature of treatment or to Essay

Is the lenght of psychtherapy related to the nature of treatment or to the nature of psychological disorders - Essay Example Focal psychotherapy is a limited form of psychotherapy implying an existence of a specific problem and using so-called focused therapy for treating this problem. Psychoanalytic counseling is usually working with specific life situation occurred. It may be a period ranging from one meeting to several years. In some cases a person, who wishes to obtain psychoanalytic help, can choose the duration of treatment depending on the goals and circumstances. The duration and frequency of meetings are determined by the patient and the psychoanalyst and does not necessarily take a long time. If we talk about psychoanalytic psychotherapy and psychoanalysis, they are never limited to a specific time or course of treatment. Together these findings suggest that the length of any psychotherapy is related to the severity of mental disease. Thus, the argument is that the duration of therapy depends on the nature of stated problem and the patient's personality, the methods and various techniques should be chosen accordingly. Key words: psychotherapy, psychoanalysis, psychoanalytic theory, psychological disorder. Introduction Nowadays it is almost impossible to avoid stressfulness, anxiety and disturbance. The tempo of our contemporary life is so fast, that sometimes we really have no time just to get some rest, calm down and have a serious look at things happening in our life. We become too nervous, too irritated, too tired and unsatisfied with everything and anyone. Sometimes it is very difficult and even impossible to single out a definite reason for being so unhappy and distressed. As a matter of fact, such behavior becomes the reason of quarrels and scandals at work and home. Some people can cope with their problems by themselves, but some really need professional help and even treatment. Nobody can deny that everybody needs being heard and understood. With the help of mental health practitioners a lot of people are able to face their fears, doubts, complexes and thus, they ca n fight their own demons successfully. From ancient times people regarded the mental disorders as the most difficult to treat. Such illnesses were considered to be connected with human’s soul and they were almost incurable. In some countries such mentally sick people were supposed to be cursed, they were feared and sickening. In Russia, however, whacky people, or as they were called â€Å"God’s fools†, were considered to be blessed and piety; it was a great sin to hurt or abuse them somehow. Nevertheless, such people were never tried to be treated. But time is changing and there appeared a science that was able to give hope to hopeless, the science able to treat souls. Psychotherapy is a comparatively young science, and it is defined as treatment of different mental and emotional disorders by means of psychological methods. It is not a secret that at the present time more and more people try to seek this help in the offices of psychotherapists. It is necessary f or them to speak to a professional, to get a useful piece of advice and find a rest at last. But still it is not so easy. The period of recovering from any disease is always uneasy and complicated with lots of factors (Bateson, 1958). The therapist should understand the patient's problems, and actively help him overcome such hazards of life

In the course of history ruling elites have taken various form Essay

In the course of history ruling elites have taken various form. Discuss some of these forms,their difference and similarities - Essay Example In particular, their economic influence, their monopolization of media, and their high-paid lobbyists encode that create chief political candidates and formulate future policies as well. Although, they are very few in number, they exercise a very large amount of influence. Their wealth serves their power, and their power serves their wealth. In the context of Western Civilizations, there have been many examples of ruling elites. For instance, America is a democracy where it says that people rule; however, still the people do not rule, the elite classes and caste have ruled instead. After the World War II and with a lot of pressure in the Reagan revolution, there was a gathered consensus that classes and the elites should rule rather than the impersonal forces of the market. In the American history, it has been an observation that the American Oligarchy did their best to promote the notion that it does not exist. However, the success of its vanishing act was also dependant on arduous efforts of the public to believe in egalitarian fictions and their reluctance to see hidden thing in plain sight (Eyal, Szelenvi, Townsley, pp. 40-47). In history, analysis has indicated that apart from the ruling elites, none of the population had any sort of political representation.

Autobiography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Autobiography - Essay Example I have always loved food but, one thing I was never allowed to do being the youngest was to cook. My mother was a brilliant cook and every one who tasted her exceptional delicacy loved it. I was sure that in all the meals I ever got to take, none tasted better than hers. There are times when my mother would go away for some days leaving me under the care of my elder brothers and, it is during such times that I realised that her food was irreplaceable. Her absence, regardless of the duration, always brought with it a feeling of nostalgia. It is during such a time that I vowed to make sure that one day I would be able to make meals as tasty as, or even better than, those of my mother. I yearned for the day that I would get the opportunity to enjoy a meal made by myself and that was like that of my mother. The opportunity to make a meal for myself did not come until when I was ten years old. I still remember it was on a Saturday, and I had spent half of the day in the fields playing with my friends. I got the right opportunity to practice my skill after finding no one at home. Having watched my mother prepare and cook her meals over and over for about a decade, I believed that I could also perfectly do it. Trying to remember every step that I had always seen my mother take in preparing her stew, I was able to prepare a spectacular stew which according to my elder brothers, tasted better than that of my mother. This was a life changing experience. My first attempt at cooking was an eye opener that brought a great deal of change in my life. It is through it that I believe I am better in making decisions today. Though this might seem like a normal undertaking for a child but me, it was a life changing experience and a discovery of my potential. It is from experience that I no longer have doubts or fears of what I can and cannot do. Since then, I have always believed that nothing is impossible for me until I try. Additionally, my passion for

Accidental Overexposure of Radiotherapy in Costa Rica-Total Body Research Paper

Accidental Overexposure of Radiotherapy in Costa Rica-Total Body Response to Radiation - Research Paper Example In a 1991 report, the capital city, San Jose had about 1.11 million inhabitants. The Costa Rican social security system, which is mandated to provide medical cover, reported 90% coverage for the population. The life expectancy was reported to be at 75.2 years between the years 1990 and 1995. Integral in the treatment of cancer in Costa Rica are three hospitals which also act as referral centres for the different segments of the country. These include the San Juan de Dios Hospital, the Rafael Angel Calderon Guardia Hospital and the Mexico Hospital. Of significance and relevant to the case study is the San Juan de Dios Hospital which has radiotherapy facilities (International Atomic Energy Agency, 1998). During the month of July 1997, the international atomic energy association received an invitation from the government of Costa Rica to aid in assessment of overexposure of radiotherapy. This overexposure had occurred to patients in San Jose Hospital in Costa Rica. The initiating occurrence specifically happened at San Juan de Dios hospital in San Jose on the 22nd of August, 1996. This was after a radioactive carbon source, 60 CO was replaced. When the new source was standardized, an inaccuracy was made in the computation of dose rate. Consequently, this error led to administration of considerable higher radiation doses compare to the prescribed intake in terms of exposure (International Atomic Energy Agency, 1998).... e was no satisfactory explanation as to these large disparities in dose values, an expert was engaged to evaluate the possibilities of such differences. The expert was to assess the physical aspects of quality assurance in radiotherapy. Furthermore, the expert was also to verify degree of application recommended by the technical report series and those of compliance reports. The review was conducted between the 8th and 19th of July, 1996. Her report indicated that there were no records kept on the calibration of beams emitted by radiation machines. Additionally, the assessment showed that there was no information available on the specific equipment used to offer radiotherapy services. With working environment prevailing in tandem with dose determination procedures properly followed, the outcome obtained or the calculation of absorbed dose rate in a computer program was not easily verifiable. The computer program which was developed by the person in charge of dosimeter had errors of c lose to 5% in percentage dose values. Moreover, there was an error of approximately 2 centimeters in the optical distance indicator (Perez & Brady, 1998). Discrepancies of up to 8% within the calculated time found, for the same irradiation conditions, when a calculation method on the basis of percentage depth dose (PDD) and the tissue air ratio (TAR) was used. Initial examination indicated that similar absorbed dose rate value had been employed in both procedures. Consequently, revelation on confusion between the concepts of dose in air and dose in water at the depth of optimal maximization was eminent. Having underpinned and satisfactorily addressed these issues, the expert brought these findings to radiation oncologists at the hospital. These included thermo luminescence dosimeters dose

Safe Injecting Facilities Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Safe Injecting Facilities - Term Paper Example These Safe injections sites also known as drug consumption rooms (DCRs), safe injection rooms, and supervised injection sites/facilities/centers, began in Europe in the 1980s. They now exist in cities in Switzerland, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain and Australia. The first safe injection site in North America, Insite, began operating as a pilot project in Vancouver, BC in 2003, and was recently given the go-ahead to remain open after a Supreme Court battle with the federal government (Keen, 2003). Injection drug use continues to be associated with an array of significant health and social consequences throughout North America. These consequences are tied directly to the consumption of illicit drugs of unknown potency and composition, and the sharing of contaminated injection equipment; and indirectly, through unprotected sex with drug injectors, and through injectors’ immersion in black-market pursuits that result frequently in violent exchanges with criminals and the police. Keen (2003) states that in the United States, injection drug use accounts for approximately 25% of all cumulative AIDS cases nationwide, but closer to 50% of all cases in several northeastern States. The number of new HIV infections reported nationwide among injectors increased 300% in the 1990s, from 6,474 new infections in 1993, to 13,969 in 1995, 17,344 in 1998 and 18,882 in 1999. Disease Injectors also suffer from very high rates of hepatitis C infection – 90% of people who have injected for 5 years or more are infected - and from endocarditis, an acute infection of the heart valves that is not commonly seen among young adults. Fatal and nonfatal drug overdose (OD) is also a prevalent medical problem among injectors, and hospital emergency rooms throughout the country attend to ODs virtually everyday. Emergency room (ER) visits involving heroin alone doubled from 33,900 in 1990 to 70,500 in 1996. Some medical experts have recently declared that the United States is in the midst of another heroin epidemic. On the other hand, injectors are known to use primary care services erratically and only after they are very sick, which drives up health care costs (Drug Policy expert Committee, 2000). The argument for safe injection sites Several research studies have shown that safe injection sites have advantages for drug injectors and for the community including reduction in many of the harmful aspects of drug use on the individual (spread of infections, risk of overdose) and to society (drug-related crime, public exposure to drug injecting paraphernalia), as well as positive benefits (increase in education about safety among injectors, more drug users accessing treatment and other services). Extensive research has been conducted at Insite in Vancouver, with positive results. The argument against safe injection sites Critics have argued against the introduction of safe injection sites largely based on the principle that drug addiction is wrong, and should not be condoned in any way. The political focus on reducing harm to drug users deflects the focus from where it belongs, which is on the prevention and treatment of drug abuse. Introducing safe injection sites is seen as a step towards drug legalization, and undermines law enforcement principles and practices. Researchers conclude that police surveillance may end up scaring away the very people North America's first sanctioned safer injecting facility is intended to help. While there have been methodological criticisms of the evaluation studies supporting safe injection sites, and Insite in particular, critics on the other side argue that there is no substantial basis for these criticisms. Ultimately, the strong views on both sides

Ddp3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ddp3 - Essay Example According to Cambridge Dictionaries Online (2003), a research is â€Å"a detailed study of a subject, especially in order to discover (new) information or reach a (new) understanding.† Clearly, I have gained a better understanding of organisational research and more importantly its usefulness to the organisation. I have come to appreciate the fact that the growth and development of an organisation depends largely on the amount of effort that is put into researching on issues that concern the organisation. My thinking about the structures of an organization and how they operate has greatly been affected. Due to lesson taken in this module, I have come to learn about organizational structures, division of labour and the need to respect organizational protocols. This means that in practicality, I am going to be a better functionary of any organization I find myself. Clark (2010) has it that â€Å"Leadership is a process by which a person influences others to accomplish an objective and directs the organization in a way that makes it more cohesive and coherent.† As a leader of people and as a manager of an organizational, I have learnt out of this module that organizational leadership is all about team work. This is to say that as a leader, I am not supposed to assume that I have the power to get all things done. Rather, I have to believe in the competences of my subordinates and give them much room to also put their capabilities to use. My major original contribution has to do with supportive coexistence. In my opinion, organisations can be managed better if each member of the organisation lived and worked the proverbial ‘being each other’s keeper’. Organisational structures must work must each person must be available to support the other

Accountants and Management Accountants Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Accountants and Management Accountants - Essay Example There is a cost incurred whenever an item is sold. This cost is however, hard to estimate when parts of the inventories were purchased at different prices (Roychowdhury 2004). This calls for adoption of an inventory accounting method so as to assign each item an expense so as to avoid losses. The costing method adopted always does not affect inventory physical flow but affects the value of the inventory. Accounting methods adopted are FIFO, LIFO, and Weighted Average Cost (WAC) among others (Drury 2012). Â  FIFO (First in First Out) is based on the assumption that the inventories that are bought first are sold first and those bought later are sold later (Roychowdhury 2004). FIFO is commonly used by entities that deal in goods with sh lifespan. These goods need to be sold before their expiry dates so as to avoid losses that may result. FIFO method is common in small business entities. As the Roychowdhury (2004) reports, use of FIFO is advantageous because of its usefulness in cases w here small numbers of transactions are involved and where price of materials is falling. Customers are likely to buy more products at low prices and hence exhausting the stock. It also helps in sorting out the difficulties associated with bulky goods with unit prices and consequently avoiding loses while maximizing profits. The business may be able to avoid quality deterioration of the stored goods as the goods are sold in the order of their arrival. This makes perishable goods and other goods with short shelf life to be sold before the expiry date. In addition FIFO facilitates the implication of current market price in the value of the closing stock of materials. This makes FIFO be sensitive to the market changes. It is very useful where the prices are falling. This is because the product demand is likely to rise and hence attracting more customers. With FIFO, materials are utilized in the order of their purchase hence making it to be a logical process. This is the most economical procedure of utilization of materials as the cost of their handling is greatly reduced. On the other hand, FIFO is disadvantageous as it is not useful in the situations that involve many inventories bought during same period but at different prices. This is because their flow rate is not the same hence some may expire still in stock. FIFO method cannot be used to achieve the objective of matching current costs with the current revenues. In the events of inflation, FIFO leads to exaggerated profit. Also if the material’s prices rapidly rise, the production cost may be understated hence causing enormous losses. When consignments are received frequently at varying prices, there is increased possibility of errors if the store ledger clerk does not carefully ascertain the prices to be charged on goods. It can also lead to a confusion in the of charging prices of goods produced at the fluctuating cost of materials as they need different pricing which may interfere with the demand. This is per the Roychowdhury (2004). LIFO (Last-In-First-Out Method) is based on the assumption that the last inventories bought are sold first while those bought first are sold last (Roychowdhury 2004). The materials are valued as per the latest purchase prices. The earliest price of materials is used to value the closing stocks. LIFO is very useful in cases of rising prices as the material is issued at current market price. The application of the LIFO is advantageous as Roychowdhury (2004) points out. It is very beneficial in cases where matching of cost and revenue is required as the goods can be sold at any time but long enough to be appropriately

Juvenile Charged as an adult and discuss life leading to criminal Research Paper

Juvenile Charged as an adult and discuss life leading to criminal background - Research Paper Example According to deputy attorney general, the case will also serve as an example to others who have the intension of commiting a similar. However, the manner in which this case was handled and ruled created severe criticism from human right activist, media, family members, and other professionals. According to critics, despite the nature and magnitude of the case, the boy was supposed to be treated like a minor in a juvenile court. There were some background information and experiences that forced the case to be moved into adult court systems. Up to that time, Jordan was the youngest suspects to be charged with homicide in the country. The essay below will address some of the background information that directed Jordan brown case to adult court (Nitespinr, 2010). To start with, in Pennsylvania, the law does not provide the lower age limit for murder charges. Due to this, a minor can be charged as a grown up person in a criminal homicide. The laws that operate in Pennsylvania therefore allowed Jordan to be charged with murder case the same way an adult can be charged in any court. On the other hand, according to University of Texas lecturer Lyndon Johnson, in most states across the country, the law permits children to be prosecuted in adult courts. Most of these laws were passed in 1990s and 1980s when juvenile crimes were at the pick. Additionally, in the initial stage of the case, Jordan failed to acknowledge his guilty. Despite of the available evidence, Jordan and his family declined to accept Jordan wrongdoing. According to Anthony Krastek, the deputy attorney general, it was very complicated for the boy to get the required counseling and counseling in the situation where he declines to acknowledge his guilty. As stated by the deputy attorney general, counseling services are only granted to suspect who acknowledge their guilty. On the other hand, the prosecutor informed the court

Migratory Behavior of Mallard Ducks Essay Example for Free

Migratory Behavior of Mallard Ducks Essay There are four fundamental decisions that most animals make when it comes to mechanisms of adaptation: where to live, how to gather food, how to avoid predators, and what tactics to use to reproduce (Alcock, 1993). Habitat preferences in animals require satisfying their needs (ignoring or actively avoiding others, nutritional needs to perform growth, development and reproduction) at the same time experiencing higher fitness than those unable to settle in the favored habitat. There were also several hypothesis presented which correlates habitat preference and fitness. The seasonal dispersion of some animals like ducks is a costly business in terms of energetic expenses and risk to exposure to predators. On the other hand, considering dispersal cost, animals that do not respond to dispersion pay the price of deterioration due to the inability to adapt to the prevailing ecological conditions. Considering the inbreeding avoidance hypothesis (Ralls et. al, 1979), on ducks in particular, Mallard ducks may have migrated then for the purpose of expanding their genetic pool by interbreeding with Anas rubipes a close relative of the Anas playrynhos. The costly dispersal of Mallards may have been to avoid inbreeding depression primary of which is to circumvent the expression of damaging recessive alleles resulting from the mating of two closely related mates of the same species. This further correlates with the mate competition hypothesis (Moore and Ali, 1984), which states that males tend to fight against one another for mates therefore looser find it more energy efficient to seek closely related species to which they may successfully mate. When mating season is over, male disperses to avoid their daughters when these female become sexually mature. Animals engage into energetically exhaustive activity trying to complete the course of their journey to attain its fundamental goals. As the animal arrives to its destination, the issue of territoriality always comes to mind whenever a new species is introduced into a new environment and every time the visitor interacts with the native. While other animals ignore or tolerate the presence of a new species in its territory, others are extraordinarily aggressive in defending their territory from intruders. Territoriality among animals contributes to reproductive successes or failure to the contrary which further leads to interspecific competition. If suitable breeding sites really are short of supply, then one should be able to find non-territorial, non-breeding, individuals in populations of territorial animals. If this is so, the niche similarity of the visitors to the native may introduce interspecific competition with the available supplies. Territoriality may also influence the reproductive success of these visitors as it was found by Dhondt and Schillemans (1983). Territorial animals may invade the nesting sites of migratory birds which may lead to decreased viability and clutch. The ability of birds to fly and survive various environmental conditions has led to their development over time. Seasonal migration of mallard ducks (Anas platyrynchos) has been one of the intriguing aspects of its behavior. This behavior has been influenced mainly by several factors such as foraging (Heitmeyer, 2006), competition (Mc Auley, et al. , 2004), reproductive behaviors (Hill, 1984) which also includes the preservation of nesting sites, and interbreeding (Brodsky, 1989) and seasonal weather conditions (Ridgill, et al. , 1990 in D. Hill, 1992, Whyte Bolen, 1984, Poiani Johnson, 1991). Statement of the Problem From previous articles, it has been reported that Mallard ducks are reoccupying old territories throughout the United States and Canada (Talent, et. al. , 1983). From this observation, it can be inferred that various ecological changes in both habitat and inhabitants may take place. Since mallard ducks in this regard are annual visitors in these habitats, the temporary habitation of previous and new territories may significantly affect native animal species. With the combined hypothesis that Mallard ducks migrate from previously occupied territories due to overlapping conditions which may occupy new territories due to insufficiency of the previous, the study will assess the behavioral patterns of Mallard ducks towards returning to previous foraging territories and establishing new foraging regions (migratory routes) outside of their original habitats, specifically the study will address four major areas of concern. 1. What behavior of the Anas playrynchos determines the suitability of a habitat to be considered sufficient which helps it decide to inhabit previous foraging territories and new regions outside of their original habitats? 2. What behavioral mechanism will the Anas platyrynchos exhibit upon visiting a previous foraging territory and new regions outside of their original habitats if a highly territorial organisms was encountered upon landing? 3. What general behavioral model applies during the interaction of two closely related species (Anas rubipes and Anas platyrynchos) occupying the same niche in terms of: a. Reproductive tactics b. Foraging preferences c. Territoriality 4. What chances that the introduction of less territorial animal may cause significant adaptive stress (competitive stress) to a more territorial species? Hypotheses It is hypothesized that there is no significant differences in the previously reported behavioral mechanisms in Anas platyrynchos that helps it determine to decide on its habitat preferences. Alternatively, Anas platyrynchos establishes new migratory routes due to impending factors such as avoidance of predators, seasonal weather conditions, reproductive tactics and foraging preferences. Else, Anas platyrynchos establishes new migratory route or return to previous foraging areas due to certain conditions such as habitat destruction, scarcity of supplies needed to reproduce, and extreme territoriality between natives and migrants. Experimental Design In order to test these hypotheses, the study will be divided into two phases: the in vivo phase and in vitro phase. At the in vitro phase, groups of experimental populations of Mallard ducks will be placed in a study area which will allow observation of significant behavioral patterns relevant to foraging, reproductive tactics/quality such as mate preference, clutch size, egg size and viability, and interspecific competition. Two species of closely related species of ducks the Anas rubipes (native, will be allowed to acclimatize until such time that they one or two reproductive cycles have been achieved) and Anas platyrynchos (introduced species, will be introduced only after the native have been acclimatized well) will be situated in the same habitat which will be observed for close interaction. Behavioral patterns on mate preferences and competitive exclusion will be observed by on-site observation using a hidden observation platform. Foraging preferences will be looked upon by collection and analysis of droppings from both species. Geographical invasion of feeding territories will be looked upon by assigning quadrat areas which will be initially determined by the territorial preferences of both species of ducks. Territoriality will be measured by the number of times the more aggressive native will disturb the nesting sites of the migrants and the instance that the migrant will be driven away from a specific foraging site. Specific effects of such behavior will be measured by performing initial and final biometry of the two species of ducks. Decrease in biometric qualities from both adult and eggs would mean the inability to adapt into such competitive behavior. Possible effects of migrant foraging on native non-avian species will also be observed by recording the feeding activity of non-avian species living along the vicinity which might directly contribute to the promotion or disruption of the food chain brought about by the introduction of a new consumer. To observe the habitat preference of ducks with is natural behavior in its intact natural behavior, the in vivo phase will be done. Radio satellite transceivers will be wing banded on representative Anas platyrynchos through catch and tag method (including the alpha male) that are about to engage into seasonal journey to trace their possible destinations and stop-over. The result will be compared to previous annual migration data (20 years in succession or more depending on the available information) to establish a pattern supporting the behavioral mechanism that the ducks employ in selecting a habitat which sooth their preference. On site visitation of previously reported migration destinations will be surveyed to confirm habitation of previously occupied regions. Ecological evaluation and mapping of visited areas (stop-over and final destination) will be done and compared with other visited areas for specific pattern. Thorough monitoring of migration paths via remote sensing will be followed to confirm if ever there is a change in the migratory route. Conclusions will be based on the assessment of significant differences between the previously reported data and the novel information. Summary All in all, birds may move to various locations for survival. If the prevailing conditions decrease fitness, migratory ducks may move to different locations to continue to find food, reproduce and avoid predation. When the conditions increase fitness, these ducks will then return to their natal site where they will breed and raise their young. It may be that physical conditions and forces that govern the earth’s magnetic poles, hormonal changes, changing weather patterns or other various factors contribute to the birds urge to migrate to their seasonal habitats. For the purpose of this paper, the most important factor to be considered are the consequences to native animals belonging in the same niche brought about by abrupt or gradual changes in migratory routes and the resulting occupation of new or old territories. In the evolutionary perspective, animals are able to adapt into their environment mainly by employing specific behavioral mechanisms that would enable them to perfectly cope. At the event that an animal fails to establish equilibrium with its environment, serious complications arise. The study will better establish significant behavioral patterns in Mallard ducks which enable to blend in and adapt in variable habitats. Such adaptive behavior may serve as a key towards preserving animal species that are in danger of extinction simply because the adaptive behavior is not appropriate for survival. References Cited Alcock, John. 1993. Animal Behavior: an evolutionary approach, 5th ed. Sinauer Associates, USA. 279-379. Dhondt A. A. , and J. Schillemans. 1983. Reproductive success of the great tit in relation to its territorial status. Animal Behavior 31:902-912. Heitmeyer, M. E. 2006. The Importance of Winter Floods to Mallards in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley. Journal of Wildlife Management. Vol. 70, No. 1. pp. 101-110. Hill, David. 1992. Cold Weather Movements of Waterfowls in Western Europe. The Journal of Animal Ecology, Vol. 61, No. 1. Feb. , pp. 238-239. Hill, D. A. 1984. Population Regulation in the Mallard (Anas platyrynchos). Journal of Animal Ecology. 53. pp. 191-202. Mc Auley, D. G. , et. al. 2004. Dynamic use of wetlands by black Mallards: Evidence Against Competitive Exclusion. Wildlife Society Bulletin. Vol. 32. , No. 2. pp. 465-473. Poiani, K. A. , Johnson, W. C. 1991. Global Warming and Prairie Wetlands. BioScience, Vol. 41, No. 9. Oct. pp. 611-618. Talent, L. G. , et. al. 1983. Survival of Mallard Broods in South-Central North Dakota. The Condor, Vol. 85, No. 1. Feb. , 1983, pp. 74-78. Whyte, R. J. , and Bolen, E. G. 1984. Impact of Winter Stress on Mallards Body Composition. The Condor, Vol. 86, No. 4. pp. 477-482. Moore, J. , and R. Ali. 1984. Are dispersal and inbreeding avoidance related? Animal behavior 32:94-112. Ralls, K. , et. al. 1979. Inbreeding and juvenile mortality in small populations of ungulates. Science 206: 1101-1103.

Teachers Day Essay Example for Free

Teachers Day Essay Image by surojitbasak2007 via Flickr Calcutta, India, Aug 26, 2011 (Washington Bangla Radio) In India 5th September is celebrated as Teachers day as a mark of tribute to the contribution made by teachers to the society. 5th September is the birthday of a great teacher Dr. Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan, who was a staunch believer of education, and was the well-known diplomat, scholar, president of India and above all a teacher. The day commemorates the birthday of Dr Sarvepalli Radhakhrishnan, a philosopher and a teacher par excellence, and his contribution towards Indian education system. Dr Radhakhrishnan believed that teachers should be the best minds in the country. On this day, we gratefully remember the great educationist, apart from honoring all the teachers that have made our life much more knowledgeable and fulfilled, as serving as our beacons of light. When Dr. Radhakrishnan became the President of India in 1962, he was approached by some of his students and friends and requested him to allow them to celebrate 5th September, his birthday. In reply, Dr.Radhakrishnan said, instead of celebrating my birthday separately, it would be my proud privilege if September 5 is observed as Teachers day. The request showed Dr. Radhakrishnans love for the teaching profession. From then onwards, the day has been observed as Teachers Day in India. One of the most celebrated writers in the modern India today his work varies on philosophical, theological, ethical, educational, social and cultural subjects. He contributed numerous articles to different well-known journals, which, are of immense value and seems to surprise various readers because of the depth in the meaning of the articles. Teachers day is now one of the occasions that is looked forward by the

Quality Assurance in Construction Projects

Quality Assurance in Construction Projects ABSTRACT: The main aim of this research is to let readers know how useful quality assurance is and its benefit to the community. To guide construction industries on how they can assure quality in their constructions and also how building industry to can achieve minimum loses and avoid risk on site. Furthermore, to also let contractors satisfy the need of their clients. KEY WORDS: Quality assurance, implementation, improvement, effectiveness and comparison. INTRODUCTION: The main motive behind this research is to produce a reliable source to identify the need for Quality Assurance in Design (Construction). Statistics has revered that lot of problems facing construction work is due to the fact that, Quality is not assured in construction. In my point of view, quality assurance can be done if we avoid all the following problems: Poor coordination of subcontractors work, unable to supervise and verification on site, lack of communication among architects, engineer, subcontractors and material supplies, uncertain instructions and unqualified operators and also misinterpretation of drawings and specification. As a matter of fact these problems can cause frequent delay in project, financial loss in companies and loss of confidence in contractors as result of inefficient quality assurance. A project lacking all these effects could end up as indication in fig 1.1. See below how the demonstration of a good quality assurance project and non quality assured project could be. As you can see from the diagram illustration, the red line explains the stability of a construction with good quality, however it also means that, the construction will not face any problems in some years to come. Whereas, the blue line indicate how a building can be of no quality and as a matter of fact, it is possible for the building to collapse in a short period of time. I have therefore decided to research on the subject as I believe that construction industry could improve upon it performance if the above mentioned is avoided so that construction would be quality assured. Besides, since construction work is team work and all members need to contribute to its effectiveness and quality of the construction, therefore this will allow the members of the project team to identify the main objectives of quality in a project. In order to achieve this, it is better to establish a technique for modeling the relationships between the project environments, objectives, control systems and feedback in the construction process. In this case the purpose will make recommendations to clients of the construction industry and their advisers and about how to make sure projects are quality controlled and assured. PROBLEM FORMULATION Quality Assurance is one of the major areas in construction in which much attention must be drawn into. As a result of this, it is my duty to figure out how quality can be assured in the construction industry. Generally speaking, there has been complains, delayance and financial losses in construction companies due to lack of quality in the construction industry. Again, if a project lacks quality assurance, the consequences of a time overrun are always serious and hard to resolve. It also distracts a project from meeting deadlines and this brings financial losses to the users and, more often than not, it has a negative impact on the profitability of the project for the promoters. Besides the above mentioned problems, lack of quality assurance in construction is causing litigation among architects, engineers, subcontractors and material supplies since each party is blaming each other for the problems at the building site. As a matter of fact, the positive feeling and understanding of enjoying the beauty of a house is to give a full comfort and safety of the client but due to lack of quality assurance in construction, this comfort cannot be fulfilled. In addition to this, my argument will be basing on quality assurance in design and project scrutiny. METHODOLOGY: Before this research can be accomplished its main aims and objectives, the method to use will basically base on existing informations, general observation and other internet sources which will be very useful to the topic. However, this research will be limited within the information gathered on the internet, general observation and existing information from the researchers and will provide answers to the questions in the problem formulation. RESEARCH QUESTIONS: ÃÆ'ËÅ" How can quality be assured in design ÃÆ'ËÅ" Problems affecting construction industry as a result of lack of quality assurance. 1.0 WHAT IS QUALITY? The term quality means different things to different people. Some takes it to be the characteristics of a product or service that bear on its ability to satisfy a need. Whilst others take it as the degree to which a product exceeds a customers requirements and expectations. On the other hand, others think it is the attainment of prescribed standards. (http://www.qualitydigest.com/html/qualitydef.html) The international Organization for standardization (ISO DIS 9000:2000), formally defines quality as the degree to which a set of inherent characteristics fulfils the requirement. In the situation of quality assurance, quality is not a statement of excellence in a comparative sense. It is just a short cut for `desired quality` that should be laid down as clearly as possible. The producer, on the other hand, attempt to attain the desired quality at an optimum cost while the customer requires confidence in the producer`s ability to deliver and firmly maintain that quality. However, quality in construction is more difficult to explain. Firstly, the product is not a mechanical unit but a piece of work with specific characteristics. An example will be building construction, the product can be a whole building or just a prefabricated component that ultimately forms part of a building. Also the need to be satisfied includes not only the client but the expectations of the community as a whole, into which the completion of the building will be integrated. The construction cost and time of delivery are also important characteristics of quality. In other words, all these things must be properly introduced in designing the building and the outcome should be expressed absolutely in drawing and specifications. Besides, in the building industries, it is a traditional practice to have different contracts for design to that of the construction with the designer taking up responsibility of supervising the construction. The quality of the finished works will be controlled by ways of inspecting and testing as construction process. For example, the quality of concrete and other materials on site is judged by samples of test and thorough inspection of the finished work is done without any exception before finial acceptance. The major aim of this à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“inspectional systemà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  of quality control is to identify the mistakes after the product has been produce. Even high strength of concrete can be defective if it is not properly compacted, cured and the potential hazard of steel corrosion will not surface until some years later. In view of this, many short comings are covered up with the existence of subsequent construction and consequently the quality of the finished works cannot be assessed by the final inspection. Unlike consumer goods, problems in building work are very difficult to replace. The client is often left with no choice than to patch up the original which is the source of recurrent troubles and huge expenditure in some years to come. Sometimes, poor workmanship is disregard to keep up with expected productivity or just labour. However, to show commitment to quality, the senior management of the companies should therefore provide enough resources on site to avoid anybody cutting corners. Furthermore, an inclusive record of in process inspection is to ensure that the intended verification is actually done. The extra efforts are managerial in nature and complementary to the functional techniques of quality control in assuring the quality of the product. 1.1 WHAT IS QUALITY ASSURANCE? Quality assurance is defined a set of procedures designed to ensure that quality standards and processes are adhered to, that the final product meets or exceeds the required technical and performance requirements. Whereas, (ISO 9001:2000) also defined Quality assurance as that part of quality management focused on providing confidence that quality requirement is fulfilled. In other words, all those planned and systematic actions necessary to provide adequate confidence that a product or service will satisfy given requirements for quality. Despite all the wealth of site experience throughout the pass years, one out of ten building contracts still leads to clients dissatisfaction and complains against contractors. Researches made by the (Building Researches Establishment) in the United Kingdom indicate that 40% of building defects occurs during the construction phase (BRE, 1982). In most cases, the defects are found to be the following: ÃÆ'ËÅ" Inadequate supervision and verification on site. ÃÆ'ËÅ" Misinterpretation of drawing and specification. ÃÆ'ËÅ" Ambiguous instructions or unqualified operators. ÃÆ'ËÅ" Use of superseded drawing and specification ÃÆ'ËÅ" Poor coordination of subcontracted work ÃÆ'ËÅ" Poor communication with the architects, engineer, subcontractors and material suppliers. Perhaps, due to the above mention, it is obvious that the following defects rising in construction are mostly caused by poor management and communication. In this case, it is assumed that mistakes occurring on site are usually made on site. These mistakes somehow can be traced back to the purchase of incorrect materials and failure to recover the out-dated drawings. On the other hand, the end result of site problems can be of disregard or malpractices in the head office. Obviously, quality can be achieved when such preventable mistakes are avoided in the first instance. Serious measures must be taken to minimize the risk of managerial and communication problems; this is basic concept of quality assurance. Besides, the conduct of an individual in an organization could directly or indirectly affect the quality of a finished product. Responsibility for quality can therefore stretches from the chief executive right down to the person on the job. If persistent quality is to be assured, all members in the organization, both in the head office and on site must; have proper organization structure, clear lines of responsibility and communication and also to have good motivation. Before quality assurance can be practice, an organization has to be constituted and maintain a quality management system in its day to day operation. A quality system contains, among other things, a set documented procedure for the different processes carried out by the organization. Also implementing quality system does not replace the existing quality control function, nor does it conclude in more inspection and testing. It just ensures that, a proper type and amount of verification is performed when and where it is planned to be done. In short, quality assurance is oriented towards prevention of quality short coming. It also aims at minimizing the risk of making mistakes in the first place, therefore avoiding the necessity for rework, repair or reject. From the indication of the diagram above, less time and money is used in the 1st and 2nd phase, whereas less time and money is used in the 3rd and 4th phase due to the fact that mush time and money was used in the earlier phase. 1.2 PURPOSE OF QUALITY ASSURANCE (ISO 9001:2000) Quality assurance ensures that a product has achieved it highest standard and that its production, modification or repair (in the case of a manufacture item) has been completed in an efficient and timely manner. The purpose of quality assurance is there to provide assurance to a client that the standard of workmanship within the contractor ´s premises of the highest level of quality and that all the products leaving the industry is above a certain minimum level of specification. It should also further ensure that the company personnel, sub-contractors and key suppliers are aware of customer requirements and that they are fully met. Conformance with requirements of the detailed procedures developed in accordance with the Quality Manual has to be mandatory for all staff employed in the company. It is essential to the system that encouragement is given to each employee to develop and maintain an attitude of continuing quality improvement and customer satisfaction. [11] Also, to ensure that, the standard of productions are in order between the divisions or section and they have remain constant despite changes in personnel. 1.3 HOW TO IMPLEMENT QUALITY ASSURANCE Construction industry has been struggling with it implementation of quality assurance for many years. The cost could potentially be reduced reasonably if the industry were to hold onto the concept of quality assurance with the use of great success by the means other companies. (Construction Quality Assurance White paper.) However, various case studies and initiatives have succeeded in introducing quality assurance to the construction industry on a small scale, but as a whole, it has mostly been ignored by the industries. The construction industry is unique and therefore the application of quality assurance requires to be implemented in the industry. Some of the major steps of this process are discussed below; 1. First of all, project managers in various companies have to form a team or groups who will be dedicated for quality assurance. This team will be responsible to value and report on the evaluation regarding every part of the company. The team will be working individually having authority and freedom of work, at each point of their operation. The team has to report to the senior management of the company and keep all results in files. [9] 2. Once the team is formed, the main responsibility of the team will be to define the tasks and assign them to respective persons. Some of these responsibilities are to review the products, tools, services as per the requirements, standards and guidelines, audit project processes, suggest various methods, standards or tools to be used in the project, report the outcome of the evaluation etc. [9] 3. The team then defines the plans for the quality assurance process. In this case, it depends upon the nature of company; the details of the plans in the company might change. However, it basic plan remains common for most of the companies. Mostly the list includes quality objectives, defining the tests and verificational activities, process evaluation, defining the individual responsibility of the team members, identifying training requirements, budgeting and funding for quality control jobs, scheduling all activities, documenting and tracking etc. [9] 4. Generating the test process, checklists and related activities to explain the way quality assurance will be performed is the next step. [9] 5. The team in simple sense has to perform according to the plans made to ensure the next steps of quality assurance process. These resources can be acquired to perform the procedures, when the team starts evaluating the project. Tools required for this evaluation are identified depending on the nature of the project. Any non conformance with the standards or requirement are notified and reported to the appropriate department. The problems are then corrected and again sent for testing to the quality control team. This way, testing and correcting goes on, till the project is proven to be in conformance with the standard. [9] 6. The next step is to identify the training requirement for the team members to perform the evaluation processes as specified in the quality control plan. [9] 7. The performance of the team should be monitored regularly by the project manager against the plans, schedule and budget. In case the progress of the team is not doing a good job, then corrective actions should be taken. [9] 8. The team activities and results are reviewed by the senior management of the company and their stakeholders on regular intervals. Any unsolved issue for the team procedure is taken care of by the senior management at this point of time. [9] 9. The team collects review information from various sources. Again, suggestions for improvement at any step of quality assurance process is accepted and implemented in the next session, if it satisfies the various limitations. Recommendations are accepted from any level of the company for future use. [9] 10. The team refines the total process to give it a defined structure with the team ´s descriptions, templates and checklists. This structure can be reused as a model for future or might become an example to other companies or organizations. [9] 1.4 WHY DO WE USE QUALITY ASSURANCE IN DESIGN? In the construction industry, quality assurance is adopted in nuclear and offshore works mainly for safety and reliability reasons. The process of construction involves different types of professional and tradesman with a wide range of skills and level of education. The environments where these processes are carried out are often revealing to aggressive element, in such condition it is arguable whether the procedures can be standardized at all. On the other hand some contractors think that trying to do so merely place another layer of administration in the industry. Despite, the differences of the work handled by a construction company, the corporate procedures apply to all varying degrees. Some examples of such are tendering, procurement, document control and record keeping. Mostly, the adoption of quality assurance in the construction industry has been mainly client-led. Noting that the implementation of contract in law cannot undo any damage already done, a progressive client, when awarding a contract, tends to take into account, the contractor ´s capability to do it right at the first time down the hidden philosophy of quality assurance. Besides, there is a general movement towards making the enforcement of quality systems in a contractual requirement. Most of the government bodies that are responsible for public works and housing have begun to persist on an effective quality system as an obligatory for tendering; perhaps public utilities companies are doing the same thing. In this cases, the basis of competition for industries will move from à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“priceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  to the combination of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“price and qualityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , meanwhile if the contractors do not want to keep out from bidding for available work, they should then wait no longer in establishing a quality system in their companies. Such contractors will be fighting a lose battle against their competitors who have already enhanced their product through better quality assurance or quality management. More so, trying to satisfy a condition for tending or contracts may not be the best argument for practicing quality assurance, but it would have probably be the most compelling reason in the first place. However, the companies that benefit mostly from quality assurance are those who do so for the purpose of improving their own efficiency. These improvement leads to higher productivity on the on hand and client satisfaction on the other. Lets see some few constructions analyze with poor quality assurance. 1. Damage to the terrace roof surface. 2. Roof leakage through joints, bushings and so on, which lead to drenching of the thermal Insulation material and discolorations on internal surface layers. 3. Roof leakage at the eave with discolorations and flakiness on the faÃÆ' §ade surface layer underneath. Sources: 5th semester project 2009 Moisture has caused many damages through the roof terrace covering because of different reasons. Some of which are discovered in the construction by some blemish on the faÃÆ' §ade and inside the building. The extent to which these damages can be determined is after the construction has been exposed. Besides, the deformation of this damage depends partly on changes in the supporting substrate and partly on movement of the building structure. 2.0 ROOF 2.1 BAD WORKMANSHIP And the most common damage on roof construction is water leakage More often than not, the leakage can occur anywhere in the roof construction and also at other place then where the water from the outside normally penetrates. These leakages are caused by innumerable; another reason could be a damaged roof membrane. Above all, the roof membrane can be a reckless traffic, ice blasting and thermal movements in the roof coverings. Also there can be movement underneath the roof membrane duo to shrinkage in the thermal insulation boards. The water that comes through the openings in the roof membrane is partly absorbed by the thermal insulation boards and partly penetrates the roof covering. On terrace roofs with external thermal insulation, the thermal insulation boards make up a substrate for the roof membrane. Terrace roofs with no thermal insulation or with internal thermal insulation occur more occasionally, but when it does the concrete surface becomes the substrate for the roof Membrane. The roof membrane can consist of one or two layers. Roof membranes made of one layer are usually made of: * Thermoplastic materials (mostly PVC) * Rubber materials * Polymer modified bitumen. 2.2 BENEFITS OF QUALITY ASSURANCE Quality Assurance has become basic part of most of the construction industries. Every construction industries nowadays face tough competition and hence it is essential for them to provide goods or services of high quality at low cost to their clients. Different systems are implemented in construction firms to improve upon the quality of the companies. Besides this does not only helps to satisfy the client requirements but also helps in reducing costs and increasing profits of the firms. Most of the construction industries understand the importance and necessity of maintaining good quality to survive in today market and that are laying even greater emphasis on their QA systems. The first benefit is that, it helps in understanding the wants and expectations of the client. It thus aids the industries to focus on its processes to satisfy those needs and expectations, so as to keep it client happy and satisfied. For e.g. construction companies that offer good quality of buildings to their clients get lots of contracts from the community benefit from it. They can also over shadow their competitors and enjoy good sales and profits. Secondly, quality assurance has increased the effectiveness of the construction industries. It requires that, the construction industries gives proper training to their employees so that they can understand their jobs better as well as get trained on the new technology to work and perform better. The entire construction industry works in a predefined fashion with the aid of these procedures. It helps the employees in knowing and understanding their roles and responsibilities. They also make the employees understand the different inter linkages within the departments. Thus, the employees understand the importance of teamwork in improving the quality of products and thus improve the brand value of the company. Moreover, the quality assurance improves the flow of work within the companies. It helps to identify the problem areas within the companies very early. There are regular inspections and audits that pin point the problem areas of the companies. Not only the problems of the company, but also the low quality and other problems of the vendors are highlighted during these performance inspections. The aim of these systems is to continuously improve the entire quality of the companies, so as to attain high productivity while maintaining good quality. Last but not the least, quality assurance help all the departments to work efficiently. There are fewer lags in the manufacturing of the products and as a result the construction companies benefits from a short cycle time. For e.g. if proper quality systems are implemented in a prefabricated company, it will benefit from fast and good production to its buyers. There are many big names in for instants the Danish companies that claim to serve their customers in a very short time. Such companies benefit tremendously from increased sales and clients satisfaction. In short, quality assurance is essential for companies in order to get a strong foothold in the market. These systems help the companies to work effectively, which then reduces the operational costs of the construction companies. Also, it helps to infuse confidence in the employees though training and role clarity. All this helps the construction companies to serve their clients better every day. 3.0 HOW TO DO QUALITY ASSURANCE IN DESIGN Design in itself has four phases before a project can be completed. These phases include: PRELIMINARY BRIEF OUTLINE PROPOSAL PHASE SCHEME DESIGN PHASE DETAIL DESIGN ONE PHASE DETAIL DESIGN TWO PHASE A project needs to go through all these phases before it becomes a complete one and legally accepted. Quality has to be ensured step by step as well. 3.1 QUALITY ASSURANCE IN THE PRELIMINARY BRIEF In as much as, this project is a renovation project it still has the basis for drafting the client preliminary brief. (The Constricting Architect ´s Manual) Preliminary brief is the sum total of the client ´s visions and wishes / needs for a building. In most cases the clients idea should be put on paper which should comprise as follows: the client has to make the architect aware of the reason of the building; the function, location, rooms, space etc. Because the clients mostly have different backgrounds and experience with the construction projects, the brief should be presented in forms. Besides it is somehow necessary for the architect to assist or explain to the client some important informations in the project. Minutes of the conversation between the client and the consultants should be taking into consideration. These minutes can be used as basis for drafting the preliminary brief. The preliminary brief should be drafted in such a way that not only the consultants can use it but every one concern with the project, so as it can also be used as the basis for the project. 3.2 QUALITY ASSURANCE IN THE OUTLINE PROPOSAL PHASE This is a phase where materials for construction have to be taken into consideration, analysis of where to place each room as long as design is concerned to fit regulations and demands. In redesigning such a construction, the materials to be used must critically be taken into consideration. As to how and where to place for example the bathroom and the material to use in order to get a better construction and as a matter of fact it life span. As seen in the figà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.the materials to use in the walls around the bathroom has be water proofed in order not to soaks with water. Sound and fire also has to be taken into consideration which also make construction meet the demands in law. 3.2.1 Budget ÃÆ'ËÅ" To have a successful preconstruction phase, it is important to have an accurate first budget. The key to an accurate first budget is communication of expectations by all team members. This will lead the dialog among the team members, asking the right questions to clearly establish the scope of the project. This includes identifying phasing plans, finishes, systems, equipment and responsibilities of the owner, consultants, proprietary items and long lead items that might impact the project cost, schedule and quality. ÃÆ'ËÅ" Preliminary detailed cost estimating and budget development must be performed at schematic design, design development and construction document phases. At each milestone design and budget must be evaluated against the master project budget for conformance with the established program price. Corrective action, if required, should be reviewed at each stage to keep the project on target. ÃÆ'ËÅ" Contractors perform detailed independent checks of estimates with subcontractors pricing prior to competitive bidding to the subcontractor base. This is essential to ensuring accurate numbers in the variable mountain market. ÃÆ'ËÅ" Value engineering must be done early in the process. When utilized at this stage, it is not cost cutting, but rather a process that balances the Owners goals of meeting quality, budget and schedule objectives. ÃÆ'ËÅ" A Team if possible must be formed to provide quality assurance, constructability and multi-disciplined peer reviews to improve document quality and ultimately achieve lower base bids and reduce change order exposure. ÃÆ'ËÅ" Proceeding to the issuance of bid documents, the bidding requirements must be established and clearly communicated to all bidders. A compiled à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"bid book must be made in addition to the plans and specifications that helps to clarify how they intend to build the project, as well as clarifying the role of each subcontractor. This eliminates doubling up on or missing a scope. ÃÆ'ËÅ" Contractors uses an extensive select list of qualified subcontractors and suppliers who in a position to respond to the needs of the project. 3.2.2 Schedule ÃÆ'ËÅ" A project schedule should be developed and validated to maximize construction efficiencies and optimize owners program requirements. ÃÆ'ËÅ" Schedules must be validated at each step in the design. ÃÆ'ËÅ" Subcontractors must be asked for input in the schedules early on to ensure an accurate, achievable schedule. 3.2.3 Design Intent ÃÆ'ËÅ" Evaluation reviews are performed in the design phase. Assemblies and systems are evaluated for ease of construction so they are not later discovered to be difficult or even impossible to build. The evaluation reviews can help avoid cost increases and schedule delays during construction. The Teams experience in construction should allow productive reviews and analysis of the proposed design to identify these items. ÃÆ'ËÅ" Submittal requirements and timing must also be identified in a submittal log so that the design intent can be properly validated. ÃÆ'ËÅ" Contractors must compare the merits of various design ideas at the preconstruction stage, including a cost analysis, life cycle analysis, schedule impact analysis and an overall quality comparison. This will give the Owner the information needed to decide which design best meets the needs of the project. 3.2.4 Workmanship ÃÆ'ËÅ" Quality levels must be determined and incorporated in the Project Mission Statement. ÃÆ'ËÅ" Drawings and specifications are reviewed with subcontractors and designers to identify potential conflicts, which may affect constructability and quality. 3.3 QUALITY ASSURANCE IN THE SCHEME DESIGN PHASE These stage shows where critical problems in the construction can be solved before it actually get to the detail design phase ÃÆ'ËÅ" There must be a focus on constantly scrutinizing for value adding ideas to best meet the owners objectives. ÃÆ'ËÅ" Contractors work to find creative solutions to problems during construction in an effort to minimize cost, schedule or quality impacts. ÃÆ'ËÅ" Contractors provide a review of the proposed changes, with regards to cost, schedule, design, constructability and quality implications as part of the role in the change order management process during construction. ÃÆ'ËÅ" The contractor meets all contractual schedules. This eliminates additional costs for owners due to schedule delays.

Macbeth As A Tragic Character :: essays research papers

In all genres of literature, there are numerous character types one might encounter. Some bring humor or comic relief to a more serious plot, while others bring both pity and fear to the minds of the audience. A tragic character is one who shows characteristics above normality, while simultaneously giving evidence to the audience concerning his or her tragic flaw that causes the character’s life to end in an abnormal state of events. â€Å"A tragic situation exists precisely when virtue does not triumph but when it is still felt that man is nobler than the forces which destroy him.† (George Orwell, Columbia Dictionary of Quotations) In a tragedy the main character rises to greatness, then continues to fall down a shame spiral, which leads to his or her downfall. Throughout his regression from life as a decent and moral man, to becoming indifferent to what is fair and what is foul, Macbeth brought both an immense tragic fate onto himself as well as creating tragedy in th e lives of his peers. Macbeth regressed from being a decent, moral man, to someone closely resembling a devil, who could make no distinction between good and evil. Macbeth became so engrossed in himself as well as the prophecies that were laid upon him by the three witches, that he became indifferent to the thoughts and feelings of the people around him, who once considered themselves to be this demon’s friend. The process of this tragedy was slow to let the audience become comfortable with the power and happiness of the main character. Then, suddenly, signs appeared, foreshadowing an imminent climax as the main character headed toward his inexorable fate. As the play begins a battle ensues between King Duncan of Scotland and Macdonwald of Norway. Macbeth fights bravely on Scotland's side, killing Macdonwald himself. King Duncan hears of Macbeth's brave and noble qualities, crowning him the new Thane of Cawdor. The king states that the old Thane should not device, "... Our bosom interest: go pronounce his present death, And with his former title greet Macbeth." (I ii 63-65) Macbeth is hostile to accept the rank, because earlier three witches prophesied that the new hero would become Thane of Cawdor even though there was one at that time. Since Macbeth was crowned Thane of Cawdor, Banquo and Macbeth believe that the three weird sisters are able to correctly tell them their fate.

Housing and Urban Development: Family Homelessness Essay -- Homeless

Introduction Families now comprise a major segment of the homeless population. According to the Department of Housing and Urban Development’s 2013 Annual Homeless Assessment Report, 222,197 people in families were homeless on a single night in 2013, accounting for 36 percent of all homeless people counted. This condition has been considered as a problem in this country. However, from social constructionist perspective, it is socially constructed by members in its society rather than an objective condition. This paper provides the process of family homelessness problem being socially constructed since the 1970s and discusses how policy solutions was framed throughout the process. Social Construction of Family Homelessness Hidden Stage. Homelessness in the United States has always existed, without interruption. Assistance to homeless population was provided along with assistance offered low-income people before the 20th century, almost entirely delivered by charity and faith-based organizations (Leginski, 2007). However, homelessness did not come to the public’s attention as a national issue until the 1970s and 1980s because to be homeless meant primarily living without the social relations—spouses, parents, or children—before the 1970s (Bagalman et al, 2013). Specifically, the condition of homelessness was slept at night in the cheap accommodations available on skid rows rather than sleeping in public places that people did not have to see them (Rochefort, & Cobb, 1992; Rossi, 1994). On the other hand, researches conducted during the 1950s and 1960s on homelessness issue contain no mention of homeless families. Bagalman et al. (2013) point out that it was because social researchers defined the homeless as â€Å"familyless† ... ...hensive, integrated, and long-term solution (Rochefort & Cobb, 1992) that was also interpreted in the policy product—Stewart B. McKinney Homeless Assistance Act of 1987. Works Cited Cronley, C. (2010). Unraveling the social construction of homelessness. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 20(2), 319-333. Gulati, P. (1992). Ideology. Public Policy and Homeless Families. J. Soc. & Soc. Welfare, 19, 113. Rochefort, D. A., & Cobb, R. W. (1992). Framing and claiming the homelessness problem. New England Journal of Public Policy, 8(1), 5. Rog, D. J., & Buckner, J. C. (2007, September). 5-homeless families and children. In Toward Understanding Homelessness: The 2007 National Symposium (Vol. 4). Shinn, M. B., Rog, D. R., & Culhane, D. P. (2005). Family homelessness: Background research findings and policy options. Departmental Papers (SPP).

The Development of Bathsheba Everdene in Far from the Madding Crowd Ess

The Development of Bathsheba Everdene in Far from the Madding Crowd â€Å"Far from the Madding Crowd†, by Thomas Hardy is about an immature nineteen-year-old girl called Bathsheba Everdene; she has difficulties throughout the novel. She has some good and bad experiences. These are with three different characters. In the beginning of the novel Bathsheba is vain, insensitive, egocentric and stubborn. She gradually develops through the novel as she becomes less vain, stubborn, insensitive, and egocentric and becomes more confident, caring and more determined to make her farm work, this shows how her character changes as she looks at the bad things that have happened in her life and tries to put them right. As she progresses through the novel her responsibilities become more demanding. These roles make her an independent and successful lady. She also becomes more sensitive and responsible towards men. Bathsheba 'major fault’ is an immature and vain young nineteen-year-old woman. Bathsheba is unaware of her own actions as she leads men on without knowing. A way in which this can be shown is the fact that she is aware of Oak having feelings for her but despite this she lead him on. She shows this when Oak asks her to marry him, but she doesn’t like the idea of it until he mentions that she will get publicity. Oak suggests that he would publish their marriage in the wedding section in the public newspaper and she goes along with it as she will get known, but when he starts saying he needs commitment, she slowly losses interest and this shows that she has no real reason for wanting to marry him apart from the fact that she wants attention. â€Å"Dearly I shall like that† This leads onto her showing her vanity as ... ...y gifts all labelled to Bathsheba in six years time. In conclusion Bathsheba emotions change, as she knows that Oak will be leaving. â€Å"Leaving England, Why Gabriel, what are you going to do that for?† This news shows that this is the worst time she has had as Oak has been there for her through everything. She has had mixed feelings foe three different men which make her grow. She soon realises that she is in love with him; her love for him makes her grow and become very mature near the end of the novel. Bathsheba marries Oak as she realises that he is the right man for her and will be able to tame her and be there for her. Each of the three men helped he develop and become a more confident and responsible lady. Though the whole of the whole of the novel Bathsheba had problems and she managed to resolve them, which made her a better character.

Metaphysical Poetry and John Donne Essay

Define metaphysical poetry, its characteristics and John Donne as a metaphysical poet. The concept metaphysical deals with the philosophical view of the nature of things. Metaphysical poetry is often mentioned as poetry inspired by a philosophical concept of the universe and the role assigned to the human spirit in the great drama of existence. Metaphysical poetry is involved with the whole experience of man, but the intelligence, learning and seriousness of the poets. Metaphysical poetry has an amazing power to explore and express ideas and feelings about the world and its diverse phenomena in a rational way to captivate the readers. Metaphysical poems are lyric poems. A group of 17th-century poets, whose work is characterized by the use of complex and elaborate images or conceits, typically using an intellectual form of argumentation to express emotional states are denoted as metaphysical poets. Members of this group include John Donne, George Herbert, Henry Vaughan, Andrew Marvell, Robert Herrick and Richard Crashaw who explored the nature of the world and human life, and who used images that were surprising at that time. Their poetic works have been abundant with the various perspectives of human life especially – like love, romance and sensuality; about man’s relationship with God – the eternal perspective, and to a less extent, about pleasure, learning and art. The metaphysical poetry presents innovative and wondrous use of puns, paradoxes and employs cunning logical propositions; Metaphysical poem is brief but intense and embodies a style that is energetic and vigorous. A metaphysical poem is an expanded epigram, characterized by the striking use of wit and irony. Metaphysical poetry demands concentration. Moreover a metaphysical conceit makes the poetry more vibrant and notable. It is largely used to make a comparison of cleverness and justice and its invention is often more impressive than its justness. A metaphysical conceit is used to persuade, or to define, or to prove a point that’s why the metaphysical poetry is usually argumentative and persuasive. A metaphysical poet attempts to establish a logical connection between his emotional feelings and intellectual concepts with the help of far-fetched imagery. The clever placement of unlike imagery, thought and emotions, contrasting pair of statements and unifying altogether makes it extraordinary. According to Ben Johnson; â€Å"the metaphysical poets showcase their knowledge and intelligence in their poetry. † The metaphysical poets play with thoughts as the Elizabethans had played with words which clearly show the wit and intellect of poets. The controlled flow of emotions is the exhibition of the potential the poets carry to express feelings in controlled language. Metaphors, similes and personifications are significant elements of metaphysical poetry. In addition to this a combination of sensibility portrays the marvelous fusion of head and heart, of intellect and emotion, of thought and passion. The metaphysical poets harmonized thoughts, reasoning, feelings and images. Being successful at merging diverse fields, metaphysical poetry also contains a sense of humour though it is not laughable but it brings a smile to the reader’s face. Metaphysical poetry is usually a dramatic monolog, the poet is addressed to the audience like in drama and every idea is for the audience. Furthermore the abrupt openings of metaphysical poetry are therefore an attraction which creates an interest for the readers. The metaphysical poets were more interested in the use of intricate rhythm, realism and obscurity. Joan Bennet observes that in the case of Donne and his circle, the term that â€Å"metaphysical actually refers to the style rather than subject matter†. John Donne (1572-1631) was inclined to the personal and intellectual complexity and concentration that is displayed in his poetry. He is acknowledged as the master of metaphysical poetry. John Donne was Born in London into a prosperous Roman Catholic family, at a time when England was staunchly anti-Catholic, Donne was forced to leave Oxford without a degree because of his religion. He studied law and, at the same time, read widely in theology in an attempt to decide whether the Roman or the Anglican Church was the true Catholic Church . In the meantime, he became known as a witty man of the world and the author of original, often dense, erotic poems. Donne participated in two naval expeditions, he was briefly sent to prison for secretly marrying his patron’s niece. In 1615, at the age of forty-two, Donne accepted ordination in the Anglican Church. He quickly earned a reputation as one of the greatest preachers of his time. He was Dean of St. Paul’s since 1621 until his death. John Donne is regarded as both the pioneer and the chief spokesman of metaphysical poetry. The importance of his innovation was recognized by Thomas Carew, who praised Donne as the monarch of wit who ‘purged’ /’The Muses’ Garden’, threw away ‘the loose seeds / Of Servile imitation †¦ And fresh invention planted’. But his poetry is also difficult and complicated. Donne adopts different oles and postures – the libertine rake, the devoted and constant lover and the cynic who feels cheated by his experience in love, the despairing sinner fearing damnation, and bold suitor, claiming his right to salvation. His poetry expresses radically contradictory views – of women, the body, and love. Donne’s poetry about love and about his relation to God invites connections with his personal life, yet it resists attempts to read it biographically. His seventeenth-century biographer, Izaak Walton, assigned the secular love poetry to the youthful Donne and the religious poetry to the mature priest. His notable works are The Good-Morrow, The Sunne Rising, Death Be Not Proud, Batter My Heart, The Canonization, A Valediction Forbidding Mourning, A Nocturnall upon S. Lucies Day , Twicknam Garden and The Anniversarie . The Songs and Sonnets explore man’s relation with woman, seeing erotic love as one of the most important experiences of life. Donne’s love poetry describes passionate sexual love with vigor and intensity. There are far too many suitable poems to consider all in detail, but The Good-Morrow and The Sunne Rising belong together. Whereas the Elegies in their political language and analogies often connect love and the political world, here there is a sharper opposition between the two spheres. The private little room of love (the microcosm) contrasts with the outside world of princes, explorers, lawyers, and merchants, who are all preoccupied with material concerns. â€Å"The Good-morrow† is a complex poem which moves around two central metaphors, of a pair of lovers walking into a new life together and of new world created by their mutual love. John Donne gave a poetic status to a simple idea in an argumentative way in a three stanza structure. But the fluency of the stanza is leading to the brief penultimate line and final Alexandrine with its stately, measured quality. On (line-4) there is a reference to bible to the seven sleepers, /or snorted we in seven sleepers den/ metaphorically may be Donne and his beloved were sleeping. Furthermore in (lines 8-14) he claims that his experience of mutual love gives him a new perspective from which the rest of the world looks insignificant. The world of love contains everything of value; it is the only one worth exploring and possessing. Donne uses conceits and metaphors to exhibit his knowledge of geography, which is evident by the reference to the sea voyagers, that the lovers are not interested in the new worlds and discoveries, they are happy with each other and they don’t want anything else. /Let sea-discoverers to new worlds have gone, / Let maps to others, worlds on worlds have shown, / Let us possess one world, each hath one, and is one/. While the following lines /Where can we find two better hemispheres/Without sharp north, without declining west? Compares the world of the lovers in the geographical world that our world is full of love and our love for each other is true and never ending. Love creates its own perfect world, combined of two better hemispheres. Donne’s keen interest in discovering, links him with important concerns of his age. The sixteenth and seventeenth centuries were a time of exploration, both scientific and geographical. England also saw the emergence of modern, experimental science. The New World was being explored, and astronomical observations by Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo led to the discovery of a new order of the heavens. Donne telescoped images and draws references from diverse spheres of cosmology, geography, science, philosophy, alchemy, theology, sea-voyages, mythology, religion, law and even from colonial enterprise so far as Britain was then emerging as the greatest empire through colonial expansion in different countries. Certain images or ideas recur so often as to seem typical: kingship and rule; subjectivism (â€Å"one little room an everywhere† â€Å"nothing else is†); alchemy – especially the mystical beliefs associated with elixir and quintessence and cosmology, both ancient and modern (references both to spheres and to the world of â€Å"sea-discoverers†). Another love sonnet by Donne â€Å"The Sun Rising† is a dramatic monologue addressed to the sun and the beloved. Here Donne uses personification metaphors and similes to make it interesting and attractive. Sun and ants are personified and different images are used (lines 5-10) like schoolboys, factory workers, huntsman, life of London and the royal class. There is a conceit where beloved’s beautiful eyes are compared to India (undiscovered beauty) and the sun can see that if India is as beautiful as his beloved’s eyes or his beloved’s eyes are more beautiful, this far-fetched conceit illustrates Donne’s wit and intellect. There is a metaphor where the beloved is compared to the states and princess/she is all states, and all princes, I, nothing else/ it gives the idea that for the poet, the beloved is the entire world, royalty, majestic and grand and maybe the sun also believes that. Hence the microcosmic world of love becomes larger and more important than the macrocosm. /Princes doe†¦. All wealth alchimie/ here poet says that his beloved’s beauty is copied by princess and further a metaphor express that she is more honorable and worthy than wealth and gold and their love is all the wealth for them. The concluding couplet/ Shine here to us, and thou art everywhere/ This bed thy centre is, these walls, thy sphere/ brings forth a cosmic imagery to show how the microcosmic world of the lovers symbolizes the macrocosmic world. Donne’s Divine Poems explore the man’s relation with God, often describing it in terms of human love, and seeking to discover the true relation between man’s love for God that promises salvation. Even with his Divine Poems exploring religious experience, Donne seeks to understand the relation between erotic and spiritual love. In Donne’s Divine Poems the sense of sinfulness is so great that the speaker insists it will take extraordinary efforts on God’s part to save him. The demands for an intense, intimate relation with God are often couched in erotic language. Perhaps the most startling poem is the sonnet ‘Batter my heart, three person’d God’, in which the speaker metaphorically says that he is like a woman who loves one man (God) but is betrothed to another (Satan), and wants to be rescued, even by force. It’s a paradoxical poem with conceits and metaphors and one of the best known in his holy sonnets. On (line 5-8) a conceit is used where the poet is comparing himself to a town which is conquered by enemies and he wants God to come to him and dominate him. Donne took ideas from the bible and Christian priests in his holy sonnets. Death Be Not Proud is Donne’s another argumentative poem, that death is not all-powerful, since it must eventually give way to eternal life, we fear as death is (for Christian believer) only form of sleep from which we have to awake on the day of judgment, when death will be abolished. There is a reference to (Jesus Christ) in last 3 lines of (Death Be Not Proud) and the idea is taken from bible as he wants forgiveness with blood as each drop of Christ’s blood is salvation /why swell’st thou†¦ death, thou shalt die/. The argument of the poem is that. There is another reference to the flood in Noah’s time/from rest and sleepe, †¦ rest of their soules deliverie/(lines5-9). Donne in A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning compares the lovers with a pair of compasses. Such a far-fetched comparison to show the affinity and relationship of the lovers in terms of compasses is indeed astounding for which Samuel Johnson describes metaphysical conceit as a combination of dissimilar images or discovery of occult resemblances in things apparently. Again in Twicknam Garden Donne makes another brilliant use of conceit whose ingenuity, Helen Gardner considers, is more striking than its justice: ? The spider Love, which transubstantiates all/ And can convert manna to gall. In Donne’s poetry we will also examine a sudden dramatic beginning and finer exertion of colloquial language, as exemplified in the abrupt, conversational opening of The Canonization where the poet-lover admonishes the intruder in a colloquial tone for hampering their privacy: ? For God‘s sake hold your tongue, and let me love, / Or chide my palsy, or my gout/ My five gray hairs, or ruined fortune flout?. If we keenly observe, we will find that many of the tensions and contradictions in Donne’s poetry can be seen as deriving from wanting to satisfy conflicting human needs and desires. Some poems like ‘The Indifferent’ or ‘Community’ insist on male independence and autonomy in erotic relations. Others like ‘The Sun Rising’ or ‘The Canonization’ show a strong desire for intimacy. Donne’s poetry thus expresses the instability and infinity of human desire. For all its various attitudes, what is so wonderful about Donne is that, for all his realistic assessment of those limits, and for all the admissions of guilt about his immoderate desires, he never gives up wanting — and asking for -more. There are some other well-known contemporaries of John Donne like Andrew Marvell (1621–78), who is one of the English metaphysical poets. Among his best-known poems is To His Coy Mistress, a clever and entertaining attempt to persuade a young woman to go to bed with him there is an explicit argument of this poem. Other works of Andrew Marvell include The Coronet, Bermudas, The Definition of Love and The Garden. Henry Vaughan (1621-1695) is another metaphysical poet, who wrote The Retreate, The World, Man and â€Å"They Are All Gone into the World of Light†. In The Retreate, Vaughan notes that â€Å"shadows of eternity are seen by him in natural phenomena such as clouds or flowers. His works express one’s personal relationship to God. George Herbert another worth mentioning English poet and priest, is one of the metaphysical poets who dealt with religious themes such as doubt, suffering and joy, using simple language and metaphors. Herbert’s poetry is elegant as the result of art as a cultivated expression, but not forced, spiritual humility. He wrote Jordan in which there is religious devotion versus secular love, other works are The Pearl, The Collar, Discipline and Love. Following the steps of John Donne, Richard Crashaw (1613-1649) wrote many metaphysical poems like EpigrammaticumSacrorum Liber, Steps to the Temple, Delights of the Muses, Carmen Deo Nostro and that’s why he is also short listed among the brilliant and illustrious metaphysical poets. His collection The Temple was published after his death. All these legends have played an important role in the survival of metaphysical poetry. Lastly, I will mention that metaphysical poetry gives us a new dimension to create a far-fetched link with the help of metaphysical conceits, which stimulates us to think beyond the surface level and show our wit and shrewdness. I would praise all the metaphysical poets, for their commendable job and setting a new trend in English poetry. The tremendous versatility of Donne and his contemporaries paved the way for future generations to produce something as grand as metaphysical poetry. Metaphysical poetry has its great importance in English literature due to its vivacious imagery and attractive techniques. Indeed, metaphysical poetry is a milestone achievement for metaphysical poets; it’s worth reading and worth admiring.

Automobile and Aunt S House Essay

?An routine morning, thats all it was. At 700 I began my ill-considered walk, just dickens doors down, to my aunts house. She was a instructor and her son and I would drive in early with her before school began, as we had done all year. The sun was flicker blinding and my unadjusted eyes had to cringe to see. It was a fairly warm day merely with a chilly breeze. I could smell the dew from the grass and hear the uninterrupted call and answer of the birds chirps. I could still taste my eat of cereal and chocolate milk. It was January of my second contour year.I was three-year-old, happy, and foolish. Around me only the bright green of the grass and trees, and life was as it should be, good. As I neared my aunts house I noticed her auto slowly moving back a few feet, thence forward the same(p) distance. Confused I walked up the short hardly steep hill that her pathway was on. When I was next to the motor cable car I aphorism it wasnt my aunt driving, however my cousin who was only 4 old age older than myself. He had blond hair, bluish eyes, and was very intelligent. Yet, I couldnt take why he was driving. What are you doing? I asked. My mom told me to warm up the car he replied. I was too young to realize he had avoided the question entirely. He got out of the car and asked if I cute to try. I said I didnt, but he told me it was very easy and started do fun of me. Feeling very sickish I got into the drivers back end and closed the door. He leaned by means of the window to control the wheel and put the car in reverse. The car began to roll rearward and I felt to a greater extent and more anxious. As it got close to the hill he told me to hit the brakes.Absolute terror gripped me then because I was unable to reach them and the car had reached the hill. He began to yell louder for me to hit the brakes but couldnt. Suddenly my feet found a peddle, and I pressed it down as hard as I could, but the car didnt slow down. It seemed to zipper u p. I heard a ring and a loud BANG, then nothing. lock away? What had happened? I seemed to be thinking close everything and nothing at the same time. all at once my senses came back to me. disorder? I had hit my mouth on the steering wheel. Taste of leather? in any case from the steering wheel. Smoke?Must be from the car. Then I heard the shout, a horrible screaming that sounded like a dying animal. IM GONNA expose PLEASE KILL ME NOW divinity fudge HELP ME, PLEASE Then I was outside the car. Did I raze return the door? Did my feeble legs even prolong me? And where was the screaming coming from? I looked up and saw my cousin, covered in blood, screaming and paroleing. I could see his bone through his leg. The blood was everywhere and I began to cry and scream for help. My legs could no longer prevail me and I fell. But then I was in my aunts house. How did I get here?Did I even fall over? Where was my aunt? I yelled anything to get her to come. She finally cover in a towel. Then I heard the screaming again. Somehow I was outside and hear my cousin, wanting to die, and saw the blood that covered the street, and felt the upset in my mouth and head. I cried, and when I looked up, I was in my house. I ran to the window. law of nature cars and ambulances were everywhere. Across the street from my aunts house war her car, smashed into my neighbors wait porch. My senses were gone. My heart seemed to stop. There was nothing afterward that.